第 18 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  intellect and sound reason; will doubtless accept what I have said without
  question。
  (38)    We   have    now   explained     that  wherein     the  Divine    law   chiefly
  consists;    and    what   are   human     laws;   namely;    all  those    which    have   a
  different   aim   unless     they   have   been   ratified   by   revelation;   for   in  this
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  respect also things are referred to God (as we have shown above) and in
  this   sense   the   law   of   Moses;   although   it   was   not   universal;   but   entirely
  adapted to the disposition and particular preservation of a single people;
  may yet be called a law of God or Divine law; inasmuch as we believe that
  it   was   ratified   by   prophetic   insight。   (39)   If   we   consider   the   nature   of
  natural Divine law as we have just explained it; we shall see:
  (40) I。… That it is universal or common to all men; for we have deduced
  it from universal human nature。
  (41) II。 That it does not depend on the truth of any historical narrative
  whatsoever;   for   inasmuch   as   this   natural   Divine   law   is   comprehended
  solely     by   the  consideration      of   human     nature;    it  is  plain  that   we   can
  conceive it as existing as well in Adam as in any other man; as well in a
  man living among his fellows; as in a man who lives by himself。
  (42) The truth of a historical narrative; however assured; cannot give
  us   the   knowledge   nor   consequently   the   love   of   God;   for   love   of   God
  springs from knowledge of Him; and knowledge of Him should be derived
  from general ideas; in themselves certain and known; so that the truth of a
  historical   narrative   is   very   far   from   being   a   necessary   requisite   for   our
  attaining our highest good。
  (43) Still; though the truth of histories cannot give us the knowledge
  and   love   of   God;   I   do   not   deny   that   reading   them  is   very   useful   with   a
  view to life in   the world;  for the more   we have   observed and known of
  men's customs and circumstances; which are best revealed by their actions;
  the more warily we shall be able to order our lives among them; and so far
  as reason dictates to adapt our actions to their dispositions。
  (44)   III。   We   see   that   this   natural   Divine   law   does   not   demand   the
  performance   of   ceremonies   …   that   is;   actions   in   themselves   indifferent;
  which      are   called   good     from    the   fact   of  their   institution;    or   actions
  symbolizing   something   profitable   for   salvation;   or   (if   one   prefers           this
  definition) actions of which the meaning surpasses human understanding。
  (45) The natural light of reason does not demand anything which it is itself
  unable to supply; but only such as it can very clearly show to be good; or a
  means   to   our   blessedness。   (46)   Such   things   as   are   good   simply   because
  they     have    been    commanded         or   instituted;    or   as   being    symbols      of
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  something   good;   are   mere   shadows   which   cannot   be   reckoned   among
  actions that are the offsprings as it were; or fruit of a sound mind and of
  intellect。 (47) There is no need for me to go into this now in more detail。
  (48) IV。 Lastly; we see that the highest reward of the Divine law is the
  law itself; namely; to know God and to love Him of our free choice; and
  with   an   undivided   and   fruitful   spirit;   while   its   penalty  is   the   absence   of
  these    things;    and    being    in  bondage      to  the   flesh   …  that  is;  having     an
  inconstant and wavering spirit。
  (49) These points being noted; I must now inquire: (50) I。 Whether by
  the   natural   light   of   reason   we   can   conceive   of                God   as   a   law…
  giver or potentate ordaining laws for men? (51) II。 What is the teaching of
  Holy Writ   concerning   this                       natural   light   of   reason   and   natural
  law? (52) III。 With what objects were ceremonies formerly instituted? (53)
  IV。   Lastly;   what   is   the   good   gained   by   knowing   the                     sacred
  histories and believing them?
  (54) Of the first two I will treat in this chapter; of the remaining two in
  the following one。
  (55) Our conclusion about the first is easily deduced from the nature of
  God's will; which is only distinguished from His understanding in relation
  to   our   intellect   …   that   is;   the   will   and   the   understanding   of   God   are   in
  reality   one   and   the   same;   and   are   only   distinguished   in   relation   to   our
  thoughts      which      we   form     concerning       God's    understanding。        (56)   For
  instance; if we are only looking to the fact that the nature of a triangle is
  from eternity contained in the Divine nature as an eternal verity; we say
  that God possesses the idea of a triangle; or that He understands the nature
  of   a   triangle;   but   if   afterwards   we   look   to   the   fact   that   the   nature   of   a
  triangle is thus contained in the Divine nature; solely by the necessity of
  the Divine nature; and not by the necessity of the nature and essence of a
  triangle … in fact; that the necessity of a triangle's essence and nature; in so
  far   as   they   are   conceived   of   as   eternal   verities;   depends   solely   on   the
  necessity  of   the   Divine   nature   and   intellect;   we   then   style   God's   will   or
  decree; that which before we styled His intellect。 (57) Wherefore we make
  one and   the same   affirmation concerning   God   when   we say  that   He   has
  from eternity decreed that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right
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  angles; as when we say that He has understood it。
  (58) Hence the affirmations and the negations of God always involve
  necessity or truth; so that; for example; if God said to Adam that He did
  not wish him to eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil; it would
  have involved a contradiction that Adam should have been able to eat of it;
  and would therefore have been impossible   that he should have so   eaten;
  for   the   Divine   command   would   have   involved   an   eternal   necessity   and
  truth。 (59) But since Scripture nevertheless narrates that God did give this
  command to Adam;   and   yet that none   the   less Adam ate   of   the   tree;   we
  must perforce say that God revealed to Adam the evil which would surely
  follow if he should eat of the tree; but did not disclose that such evil would
  of necessity come to pass。 (60) Thus it was that Adam took the revelation
  to be not an eternal and necessary truth; but a law … that is; an ordinance
  followed by gain or loss; not depending necessarily on the nature of the act
  performed; but solely on the will and absolute power of some potentate; so
  that the revelation in question was solely in relation to Adam; and solely
  through his lack of knowledge a law; and God was; as it were; a lawgiver
  and potentate。 (61) From the same cause; namely; from lack of knowledge;
  the Decalogue in relation to the Hebrews was a law; for since they knew
  not the existence of God as an eternal truth; they must have taken as a law
  that which was revealed to them in the Decalogue; namely; that God exists;
  and that God only should be worshipped。 (62) But if God had spoken to
  them   without      the   intervention   of   any   bodily   means;    immediately   they
  would have perceived it not as a law; but as an eternal truth。
  (63) What we have said about the Israelites and Adam; applies also to
  all the prophets who wrote laws in God's name … they did not adequately
  conceive God's decrees as eternal truths。 (64) For instance; we must say of
  Moses that from revelation; from the basis of what was revealed to him; he
  perceived the method by which the Israelitish nation could best be united
  in a particular territory; and could form a body politic or state; and further
  that    he   perceived    the   method     by   which     that   nation   could    best   be
  constrained to obedience; but he did not perceive; nor was it revealed to
  him; that this method was absolutely the best; nor that the obedience of the
  people   in   a   certain   strip   of   territory  would   necessarily  imply  the   end   he
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