第 17 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  right; and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way; depends on
  human      decree。    (6)  Now;     though    I  freely   admit    that  all  things    are
  predetermined by  universal   natural laws   to   exist   and operate   in   a   given;
  fixed; and definite manner; I still assert that the laws I have just mentioned
  depend on human decree。
  (1。) (7) Because man; in so far as he is a part of nature; constitutes a
  part of the   power   of nature。 (8) Whatever;   therefore;   follows   necessarily
  from the necessity of human nature (that is; from nature herself; in so far
  as we conceive of her as acting through man) follows; even though it be
  necessarily; from human power。 (9) Hence the sanction of such laws may
  very well be said to depend on man's decree; for it principally depends on
  the  power   of   the   human   mind;   so   that   the   human   mind   in   respect   to   its
  perception of things as true and false; can readily be conceived as without
  such laws; but not without necessary law as we have just defined it。
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  (2。) (10) I have stated that these laws depend on human decree because
  it is well to define and explain things by their proximate causes。 (11) The
  general consideration of fate and the concatenation of causes would aid us
  very    little  in  forming     and   arranging     our   ideas    concerning     particular
  questions。      (12)   Let   us   add    that  as   to   the  actual    coordination      and
  concatenation       of   things;   that  is  how    things    are  ordained     and   linked
  together;   we   are   obviously   ignorant;   therefore;   it   is   more   profitable   for
  right living; nay; it is necessary for us to consider things as contingent。 (13)
  So much about law in the abstract。
  (14) Now the word law seems to be only applied to natural phenomena
  by analogy; and is commonly taken to signify a command which men can
  either    obey    or  neglect;   inasmuch      as  it  restrains   human     nature   within
  certain originally exceeded limits; and therefore lays down no rule beyond
  human strength。 (15) Thus it is expedient to define law more particularly
  as   a   plan   of   life   laid   down   by   man   for   himself   or   others   with   a   certain
  object。
  (16) However; as the true object of legislation is only perceived by a
  few; and most men are almost incapable of grasping it; though they live
  under its conditions; legislators; with a view to exacting general obedience;
  have   wisely   put   forward   another   object;   very   different   from   that   which
  necessarily follows from the nature of law: they promise to the observers
  of the law that which the masses chiefly desire; and threaten its violators
  with that which they chiefly fear: thus endeavouring to restrain the masses;
  as far as may be; like a horse with a curb; whence it follows that the word
  law is chiefly applied to the modes of life enjoined on men by the sway of
  others; hence those who obey the law are said to live under it and to be
  under   compulsion。   (17)   In   truth;   a   man   who   renders   everyone   their   due
  because   he   fears   the   gallows;   acts   under   the   sway   and   compulsion   of
  others; and cannot be called just。 (18) But a man who does the same from
  a knowledge of   the true   reason   for laws   and   their necessity;   acts   from  a
  firm purpose and of his own accord; and is therefore properly called just。
  (19) This; I take it; is Paul's meaning when he says; that those who live
  under the law cannot be justified through the law; for justice; as commonly
  defined; is the constant and perpetual will to render every man his due。 (20)
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  Thus Solomon says (Prov。 xxi:15); 〃It is a joy to the just to do judgment;〃
  but the wicked fear。
  (21)  Law;  then; being   a  plan   of  living   which  men   have   for  a   certain
  object   laid   down   for   themselves   or   others;   may;   as   it   seems;   be   divided
  into human law and Divine law。 {But both are opposite sides of the same
  coin}
  (22) By human law I mean a plan of living which serves only to render
  life   and   the   state   secure。   (23)   By   Divine   law   I   mean   that   which   only
  regards the highest good; in other words; the true knowledge of God and
  love。
  (24) I call this law Divine because of the nature of the highest good;
  which I will here shortly explain as clearly as I can。
  (25) Inasmuch as the intellect is the best part of our being; it is evident
  that we should make every effort to perfect it as far as possible if we desire
  to   search    for  what    is  really  profitable    to  us。   (26)  For   in   intellectual
  perfection     the   highest    good    should    consist。   (27)    Now;    since   all  our
  knowledge; and the certainty which   removes every doubt; depend   solely
  on the knowledge of God;… firstly; because without God nothing can exist
  or   be   conceived;   secondly;      because   so   long   as   we   have   no   clear   and
  distinct idea of God we may remain in universal doubt … it follows that our
  highest good and perfection also depend solely on the knowledge of God。
  (28)   Further;   since   without   God   nothing   can   exist   or   be   conceived;   it   is
  evident that all natural phenomena involve and express the conception of
  God as far as their essence and perfection extend; so that we have greater
  and   more   perfect   knowledge   of   God   in   proportion   to   our   knowledge   of
  natural phenomena: conversely (since the knowledge of an effect through
  its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a
  cause) the greater our knowledge of natural phenomena; the more perfect
  is our knowledge of the essence of God (which is the cause of all things)。
  (29) So; then; our highest good not only depends on the knowledge of God;
  but wholly consists therein; and it further follows that man is perfect or the
  reverse   in   proportion   to   the   nature   and   perfection   of   the   object   of   his
  special desire; hence the most perfect and the chief sharer in the highest
  blessedness is he who prizes above all else; and takes especial delight in;
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  the intellectual knowledge of God; the most perfect Being。
  (30) Hither; then; our highest good and our highest blessedness aim …
  namely; to the knowledge and love of God; therefore the means demanded
  by this aim of all human actions; that is; by God in so far as the idea of
  him is in us; may be called the commands of God; because they proceed;
  as it were; from God Himself; inasmuch as He exists in our minds; and the
  plan   of   life   which   has   regard   to   this   aim   may   be   fitly  called   the   law   of
  God。
  (31)   The   nature   of   the   means;   and   the   plan   of   life   which   this   aim
  demands; how the foundations of the best states follow its lines; and how
  men's   life   is   conducted;   are   questions   pertaining   to   general   ethics。   (32)
  Here I only proceed to treat of the Divine law in a particular application。
  (33) As the  love of God   is man's highest happiness and blessedness;
  and the ultimate end and aim of all human actions; it follows that he alone
  lives by the Divine law who loves God not from fear of punishment; or
  from love of any other object; such as sensual pleasure; fame; or the like;
  but   solely   because   he   has   knowledge   of   God;   or   is   convinced   that   the
  knowledge and love of God is the highest good。 (34) The sum and chief
  precept; then; of the Divine law is to love God as the highest good; namely;
  as we have said; not from fear of any pains and penalties; or from the love
  of any other object in which we desire to take pleasure。 (35) The idea of
  God lays down the rule that God is our highest good … in other words; that
  the knowledge and love of God is the ultimate aim to which all our actions
  should   be   directed。   (36)   The   worldling   cannot   understand   these   things;
  they appear foolishness to him。 because he has too meager a knowledge of
  God; and also because in this highest good he can discover nothing which
  he   can   handle   or   eat;   or   which   affects   the   fleshly   appetites   wherein   he
  chiefly delights; for it consists solely in thought and the pure reason。 (37)
  They; on the other hand; who know that they possess no greater gift than
  intellect and sound reason; will doubtless accept what I hav