第 16 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9316
  (91)   The   passages   which   they   think   teach   most   clearly   this   eternal
  election; are chiefly: (1。) Jer。 xxxi:36; where the prophet testifies that the
  seed   of   Israel   shall   for   ever   remain   the   nation   of   God;   comparing   them
  with the stability of the heavens and nature;
  (2。)   Ezek。   xx:32;   where   the   prophet   seems   to   intend   that   though   the
  Jews     wanted     after  the   help   afforded    them    to   turn  their   backs    on   the
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  worship   of   the   Lord;   that   God   would   nevertheless   gather   them   together
  again from all the lands in which they were dispersed; and lead them to the
  wilderness of the peoples … as He had led their fathers to the wilderness of
  the   land   of   Egypt   …   and   would   at   length;   after   purging   out   from   among
  them the rebels and transgressors; bring them thence to his Holy mountain;
  where the whole house of Israel should worship Him。 Other passages are
  also cited; especially by the Pharisees; but I think I shall satisfy everyone
  if I answer these two; and this I shall easily accomplish after showing from
  Scripture itself that God chose not the Hebrews for ever; but only on the
  condition under which He had formerly chosen the Canaanites; for these
  last; as we have shown; had priests who religiously worshipped God; and
  whom God at   length rejected   because of   their luxury;   pride; and   corrupt
  worship。
  (92)    Moses    (Lev。   xviii:27)    warned     the  Israelites   that  they   be   not
  polluted with whoredoms; lest the land spue them out as it had spued out
  the   nations   who   had   dwelt   there   before;   and   in   Deut。   viii:19;   20;   in   the
  plainest terms He threatens their total ruin; for He says; 〃I testify against
  you    that   ye  shall   surely   perish。   (93)   As   the  nations    which    the   Lord
  destroyeth before your face; so shall ye perish。〃 In like manner many other
  passages are found in the law which expressly show that God chose the
  Hebrews neither absolutely nor for ever。 (94) If; then; the prophets foretold
  for them a new covenant of the knowledge of God; love; and grace; such a
  promise is easily proved to be only made to the elect; for Ezekiel in the
  chapter which we have just quoted expressly says that God will separate
  from   them   the   rebellious   and   transgressors;   and   Zephaniah   (iii:12;   13);
  says that 〃God will take away the proud from the midst of them; and leave
  the poor。〃 (95) Now; inasmuch as their election has regard to true virtue; it
  is not to be thought that it was promised to the Jews alone to the exclusion
  of others; but we must evidently believe that the true Gentile prophets (and
  every nation; as we have shown; possessed such) promised the same to the
  faithful of their own people; who were thereby comforted。 (96) Wherefore
  this eternal covenant of the knowledge of God and love is universal; as is
  clear; moreover; from Zeph。 iii:10; 11 : no difference in this respect can be
  admitted between Jew and Gentile; nor did the former enjoy any special
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  election beyond that which we have pointed out。
  (97)   When   the   prophets;   in   speaking   of   this   election   which   regards
  only   true   virtue;   mixed   up   much   concerning   sacrifices   and   ceremonies;
  and the rebuilding of the temple and city; they wished by such figurative
  expressions; after the manner and nature of prophecy; to expound matters
  spiritual; so as at the same time to show to the Jews; whose prophets they
  were;   the   true   restoration   of   the   state   and   of   the   temple   to   be   expected
  about the time of Cyrus。
  (98) At the present time; therefore; there is absolutely nothing which
  the Jews can arrogate to themselves beyond other people。
  (99) As   to   their   continuance   so   long   after   dispersion   and   the   loss   of
  empire; there is nothing marvellous in it; for they so separated themselves
  from every other nation as to draw down upon themselves universal hate;
  not only by their outward rites; rites conflicting with those of other nations;
  but    also   by   the   sign    of  circumcision       which     they   most    scrupulously
  observe。
  (100)   That     they   have    been    preserved     in   great  measure   by   Gentile
  hatred; experience demonstrates。 (101) When the king of Spain formerly
  compelled   the   Jews   to   embrace   the   State   religion   or   to   go   into   exile;   a
  large     number      of   Jews    accepted      Catholicism。       (102)    Now;     as   these
  renegades   were   admitted   to   all   the   native   privileges   of   Spaniards;   and
  deemed worthy of filling all honourable offices; it came to pass that they
  straightway   became   so   intermingled   with   the   Spaniards   as   to   leave   of
  themselves       no   relic   or  remembrance。        (103)    But    exactly    the   opposite
  happened       to  those    whom      the  king    of  Portugal     compelled      to   become
  Christians;   for   they   always;   though   converted;   lived   apart;   inasmuch   as
  they were considered unworthy of any civic honours。
  (104) The sign of circumcision is; as I think; so important; that I could
  persuade   myself   that   it   alone   would   preserve   the   nation   for   ever。   (105)
  Nay; I would go so far as to believe that if the foundations of their religion
  have   not   emasculated   their   minds   they   may   even;   if   occasion   offers;   so
  changeable are human affairs; raise up their empire afresh; and that God
  may a second time elect them。
  (106)   Of   such   a   possibility   we   have   a   very   famous   example   in   the
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  Chinese。 (107) They; too; have some distinctive mark on their heads which
  they most scrupulously observe; and by which they keep themselves apart
  from     everyone     else;   and   have    thus   kept   themselves     during    so   many
  thousand   years   that   they   far   surpass   all   other   nations   in   antiquity。   (108)
  They  have   not   always   retained   empire;   but  they  have   recovered   it   when
  lost; and doubtless will do so again after the spirit of the Tartars becomes
  relaxed through the luxury of riches and pride。
  (109) Lastly; if any one wishes to maintain that the Jews; from this or
  from   any   other     cause;   have   been    chosen   by   God   for   ever;    I   will  not
  gainsay him if he will admit that this choice; whether temporary or eternal;
  has no regard; in so far as it is peculiar to the Jews; to aught but dominion
  and     physical     advantages      (for    by   such     alone    can    one    nation    be
  distinguished from another); whereas in regard to intellect and true virtue;
  every nation is on a par with the rest; and God has not in these respects
  chosen one people rather than another。
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  CHAPTER IV。 … OF THE DIVINE
  LAW。
  (1)   The   word    law;  taken   in  the  abstract;   means    that  by   which    an
  individual; or all things; or as many things as belong to a particular species;
  act in one and the same fixed and definite manner; which manner depends
  either on natural necessity or on human decree。 (2) A law which depends
  on natural necessity is one which necessarily follows from the nature; or
  from   the   definition   of   the   thing   in   question;   a   law   which   depends   on
  human   decree;   and   which   is   more   correctly   called   an   ordinance;   is   one
  which men have laid down for themselves and others in order to live more
  safely or conveniently; or from some similar reason。
  (3)   For   example;   the  law   that   all   bodies   impinging   on   lesser   bodies;
  lose as much of their own motion as they communicate to the latter is a
  universal law of all bodies; and depends on natural necessity。 (4) So; too;
  the   law   that   a   man   in   remembering   one   thing;   straightway   remembers
  another either like it; or which he had perceived simultaneously with it; is
  a law which necessarily follows from the nature of man。 (5) But the law
  that men must yield; or be compelled to yield; somewhat of their natural
  right; and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way; depends on
  human