第 19 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9321
  conspicuously        superior    in   moral    courage;    and    though     they   did   not
  distinguish   themselves   at   cricket   and   football;   they   had   quite   as   much
  71
  … Page 72…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  physical hardihood as any civilized man needs。                But it is to be observed
  that Ruskin's parents were wise people who gave John a full share in their
  own life; and put up with his presence both at home and abroad when they
  must   sometimes   have   been   very   weary   of   him;   and   Mill;   as   it   happens;
  was deliberately educated to challenge all the most sacred institutions of
  his   country。     The   households   they   were   brought   up   in   were   no   more
  average households than a Montessori school is an average school。
  72
  … Page 73…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Comings of Age of Children
  All this inculcated adult docility; which wrecks every civilization as it
  is   wrecking   ours;   is   inhuman   and   unnatural。       We   must   reconsider   our
  institution of the Coming of Age; which is too late for some purposes; and
  too   early   for   others。   There   should   be   a   series   of   Coming   of Ages   for
  every individual。       The mammals have their first coming of age when they
  are weaned; and it is noteworthy that this rather cruel and selfish operation
  on the part of the parent has to be performed resolutely; with claws and
  teeth; for your little mammal does not want to be weaned; and yields only
  to a pretty rough assertion of the right of the parent to be relieved of the
  child as soon as the child is old enough to bear the separation。                 The same
  thing occurs with children: they hang on to the mother's apron…string and
  the   father's   coat   tails   as   long   as   they   can;   often   baffling   those   sensitive
  parents who know that children should think for themselves and fend for
  themselves; but are too kind to throw them on their own resources with the
  ferocity  of   the domestic   cat。      The  child   should   have its   first   coming   of
  age when it is weaned; another when it can talk; another when it can walk;
  another when it can dress itself without assistance; and when it can read;
  write;   count   money;   and   pass   an   examination   in   going   a   simple   errand
  involving   a   purchase   and   a   journey   by   rail   or   other   public   method   of
  locomotion; it should have  quite  a majority。              At   present   the  children   of
  laborers   are   soon   mobile   and   able   to   shift   for   themselves;   whereas   it   is
  possible   to   find   grown…up   women   in   the   rich   classes   who   are   actually
  afraid to take a walk in the streets unattended and unprotected。                  It is true
  that this is a superstition from the time when a retinue was part of the state
  of   persons   of   quality;   and   the   unattended   person   was   supposed   to   be   a
  common person of no quality; earning a living; but this has now become
  so absurd that children and young women are no longer told why they are
  forbidden to go about alone; and have to be persuaded that the streets are
  dangerous      places;    which    of  course    they   are;  but   people    who    are  not
  educated to live dangerously have only half a life; and are more likely to
  die miserably after all than those who have taken all the common risks of
  freedom from their childhood onward as matters of course。
  73
  … Page 74…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Conflict of Wills         The world wags in spite of its schools and its
  families     because     both    schools    and    families    are  mostly     very   largely
  anarchic:      parents   and   schoolmasters   are   good…natured or   weak   or   lazy;
  and children are docile and affectionate and very shortwinded in their fits
  of naughtiness; and so most families slummock along and muddle through
  until the children cease to be children。            In the few cases when the parties
  are energetic and determined; the child is crushed or the parent is reduced
  to a cipher; as the case may be。           When the opposed forces are neither of
  them strong enough to annihilate the other; there is serious trouble:                    that
  is   how   we   get   those   feuds   between   parent   and   child   which   recur   to   our
  memory so ironically when we hear people sentimentalizing about natural
  affection。      We     even   get   tragedies;    for  there   is  nothing     so  tragic   to
  contemplate or so devastating to suffer as the oppression of will without
  conscience; and the whole tendency of our family and school system is to
  set   the   will   of  the   parent  and   the   school   despot    above   conscience      as
  something   that   must   be   deferred   to   abjectly   and   absolutely   for   its   own
  sake。
  The strongest; fiercest force in nature is human will。               It is the highest
  organization   we   know   of   the   will   that   has   created   the   whole   universe。
  Now all honest civilization; religion; law; and convention is an attempt to
  keep   this    force   within   beneficent     bounds。     What     corrupts    civilization;
  religion;   law;   and   convention   (and   they   are   at   present   pretty   nearly   as
  corrupt     as  they   dare)    is  the  constant    attempts     made    by   the  wills   of
  individuals and classes to thwart the wills and enslave the powers of other
  individuals and classes。         The powers of the parent and the schoolmaster;
  and     of  their   public    analogues     the   lawgiver     and    the   judge;   become
  instruments of tyranny in the hands of those who are too narrow…minded to
  understand   law   and   exercise   judgment;   and   in   their   hands   (with   us   they
  mostly fall into such hands) law becomes tyranny。                  And what is a tyrant?
  Quite   simply   a   person   who   says   to   another   person;   young   or   old;   〃You
  shall do as I tell you; you shall make what I want; you shall profess my
  creed; you shall have no will of your own; and your powers shall be at the
  disposal of my will。〃        It has come to this at last:       that the phrase 〃she has
  74
  … Page 75…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  a   will   of her own;〃   or   〃he   has   a   will   of his   own〃   has   come   to   denote   a
  person of exceptional obstinacy and self…assertion。                And even persons of
  good     natural   disposition;     if  brought   up   to  expect    such   deference;     are
  roused to unreasoning fury; and sometimes to the commission of atrocious
  crimes; by the slightest challenge to their authority。               Thus a laborer may
  be dirty; drunken; untruthful; slothful; untrustworthy in every way without
  exhausting the indulgence of the country house。                  But let him dare to be
  〃disrespectful〃 and he is a lost man; though he be the cleanest; soberest;
  most     diligent;   most    veracious;     most    trustworthy     man     in  the   county。
  Dickens's instinct for detecting social cankers never served him better than
  when he shewed us Mrs Heep teaching her son to 〃be umble;〃 knowing
  that if he carried out that precept he might be pretty well anything else he
  liked。    The maintenance of deference to our wills becomes a mania which
  will   carry   the   best   of   us   to   any   extremity。 We   will   allow   a   village   of
  Egyptian fellaheen or Indian tribesmen to live the lowest life they please
  among      themselves      without    molestation;      but   let  one   of  them    slay   an
  Englishman        or   even    strike   him    on    the   strongest    provocation;      and
  straightway       we   go   stark   mad;    burning     and   destroying;     shooting    and
  shelling; flogging and hanging; if only such survivors as we may leave are
  thoroughly   cowed   in   the   presence   of   a   man   with   a   white   face。    In   the
  committee       room    of   a  local  council    or   city  corporation;     the  humblest
  employees   of   the   committee   find   defenders   if   they   complain   of   harsh
  treatment。      Gratuities are voted; indulgences and holidays are pleaded for;
  delinquencies are excused in the most sentimental manner provided only
  the employee; however patent a hypocrite or incorrigible a slacker; is hat
  in hand。     But let the most obvious measure of justice be demanded by the
  secretary     of   a  Trade