第 18 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9322
  But   I   could   say   a   good   deal   also   about   the   things   I   was   not   taught   and
  should   have been   taught; not   to   mention the   things   I  was   allowed   to   do
  which I   should not have   been   allowed to   do。             I   have no   recollection of
  being taught to read or write; so I presume I was born with both faculties;
  but    many     people     seem     to  have    bitter   recollections      of  being     forced
  reluctantly to acquire them。            And though I have the uttermost contempt
  for a teacher so ill mannered and incompetent as to be unable to make a
  child learn to read and write without also making it cry; still I am prepared
  to admit that I had rather have been compelled to learn to read and write
  with     tears   by   an   incompetent       and    ill  mannered      person     than   left  in
  ignorance。        Reading;      writing;     and   enough      arithmetic     to   use   money
  honestly   and   accurately;   together   with   the   rudiments   of   law   and   order;
  become necessary  conditions of   a   child's liberty  before it   can   appreciate
  the   importance   of   its   liberty;   or   foresee   that   these   accomplishments   are
  worth acquiring。         Nature has provided for this by evolving the instinct of
  docility。     Children are very docile:          they have a sound intuition that they
  must   do   what   they   are   told   or   perish。     And   adults   have   an   intuition;
  equally   sound;   that   they   must   take   advantage   of   this   docility   to   teach
  children     how     to  live  properly     or   the  children     will  not   survive。     The
  difficulty is to know where to stop。              To illustrate this; let us consider the
  main danger of childish docility and parental officiousness。
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Abuse of Docility
  Docility  may  survive as   a  lazy habit   long   after it has ceased to   be   a
  beneficial   instinct。     If  you   catch   a  child   when   it   is   young   enough   to   be
  instinctively docile; and keep it in a condition of unremitted tutelage under
  the   nurserymaid;      the   governess;     the  preparatory   school;      the  secondary
  school; and the university; until it is an adult; you will produce; not a self…
  reliant;   free;   fully   matured   human   being;   but   a   grown…up   schoolboy   or
  schoolgirl; capable of nothing in the way of original or independent action
  except   outbursts   of   naughtiness   in   the   women   and   blackguardism  in   the
  men。     That is exactly what we get at present in our rich and consequently
  governing      classes:    they   pass    from   juvenility    to   senility  without     ever
  touching maturity except in body。              The classes which cannot afford this
  sustained tutelage are notably more self…reliant and grown…up:                     an office
  boy of fifteen is often more of a man than a university student of twenty。
  Unfortunately this precocity is disabled by poverty; ignorance; narrowness;
  and   a   hideous   power   of   living   without   art   or   love   or   beauty   and   being
  rather proud of it。       The poor never escape from servitude:               their docility
  is preserved by their slavery。          And so all become the prey of the greedy;
  the selfish; the domineering; the unscrupulous; the predatory。                  If here and
  there an individual refuses to be docile; ten docile persons will beat him or
  lock him up or shoot him or hang him at the bidding of his oppressors and
  their own。      The crux of the whole difficulty about parents; schoolmasters;
  priests; absolute   monarchs;  and despots of   every  sort; is the   tendency  to
  abuse   natural   docility。     A  nation   should   always   be   healthily   rebellious;
  but the king or prime minister has yet to be found who will make trouble
  by   cultivating   that   side   of   the   national   spirit。 A  child   should   begin   to
  assert itself early; and shift for itself more and more not only in washing
  and   dressing   itself;   but   in   opinions   and   conduct;   yet   as   nothing   is   so
  exasperating and   so   unlovable  as   an   uppish child;  it   is   useless to   expect
  parents and schoolmasters to inculcate this uppishness。                  Such unamiable
  precepts as Always contradict an authoritative statement; Always return a
  blow;   Never   lose   a   chance   of   a good   fight; When   you   are   scolded   for   a
  mistake ask the person   who scolds   you whether he or   she supposes   you
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  did it on purpose; and follow the question with a blow or an insult or some
  other unmistakable expression of resentment; Remember that the progress
  of the world depends on your knowing better than your elders; are just as
  important as those of The Sermon on the Mount; but no one has yet seen
  them written up in letters of gold in a schoolroom or nursery。             The child
  is taught to be kind; to be respectful; to be quiet; not to answer back; to be
  truthful when its elders want to find out anything from it; to lie when the
  truth would shock or hurt its elders; to be above all things obedient; and to
  be   seen   and   not  heard。    Here    we   have   two   sets  of   precepts;   each
  warranted      to   spoil   a  child   hopelessly     if  the   other   be   omitted。
  Unfortunately we do not allow fair play between them。               The rebellious;
  intractable; aggressive; selfish set provoke a corrective resistance; and do
  not pretend to high moral or religious sanctions; and they are never urged
  by grown…up people on young people。            They are therefore more in danger
  of neglect or suppression than the other set; which have all the adults; all
  the laws; all the religions on their side。     How is the child to be secured its
  due share of both bodies of doctrine?
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  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Schoolboy and the Homeboy
  In practice what happens is that parents notice that boys brought up at
  home   become   mollycoddles;   or   prigs;   or   duffers;   unable   to   take   care   of
  themselves。       They  see   that   boys   should   learn   to   rough   it   a  little   and   to
  mix with children of their own age。              This is natural enough。 When you
  have preached at and punished a boy until he is a moral cripple; you are as
  much hampered by him as by a physical cripple; and as you do not intend
  to have him on your hands all your life; and are generally rather impatient
  for the day when he will earn his own living and leave you to attend to
  yourself; you sooner or later begin to talk to him about the need for self…
  reliance; learning to think; and so forth; with the result that your victim;
  bewildered by your inconsistency; concludes that there is no use trying to
  please you; and falls into an attitude of sulky resentment。                  Which is an
  additional inducement to pack him off to school。
  In school; he finds himself in a dual world; under two dispensations。
  There     is  the   world    of  the  boys;    where    the   point   of  honor    is  to  be
  untameable;   always   ready   to   fight;   ruthless   in   taking   the   conceit   out   of
  anyone who ventures to give himself airs of superior knowledge or taste;
  and generally to take Lucifer for one's model。               And there is the world of
  the masters; the world of discipline; submission; diligence; obedience; and
  continual   and   shameless   assumption   of   moral   and   intellectual   authority。
  Thus   the   schoolboy   hears   both   sides;   and   is   so   far   better   off   than   the
  homebred   boy   who   hears   only   one。        But   the   two   sides   are   not   fairly
  presented。      They  are   presented   as   good   and   evil;   as   vice   and   virtue;   as
  villainy and heroism。         The boy feels mean and cowardly when he obeys;
  and selfish and rascally when he disobeys。               He looses his moral courage
  just as he comes to hate books and languages。                 In the end; John Ruskin;
  tied so close to his mother's apron…string that he did not escape even when
  he went to Oxford; and John Stuart Mill; whose father ought to have been
  prosecuted       for  laying    his  son's   childhood      waste    with   lessons;    were
  superior;   as   products   of   training;   to   our   schoolboys。     They   were   very
  conspicuously        superior    in   moral    courage;    and    thou