第 17 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9322
  maintaining order than those they had always seen practised and approved
  of。    From children and animals it extended to slaves and criminals。                      In
  the   days   of   Moses   it   was   limited   to   39   lashes。 In   the   early   nineteenth
  century   it   had   become   an   open   madness:       soldiers   were   sentenced   to   a
  thousand   lashes   for   trifling   offences;   with   the   result   (among   others   less
  mentionable)   that   the   Iron   Duke   of   Wellington   complained   that   it   was
  impossible   to   get   an   order   obeyed   in   the   British   army   except   in   two   or
  three crack regiments。         Such frantic excesses of this disgusting neurosis
  provoked a reaction against it; but the clamor for it by depraved persons
  never ceased; and was tolerated by a nation trained to it from childhood in
  the schools   until   last   year   (1913);   when   in   what   must   be   described   as   a
  paroxysm of sexual excitement provoked by the agitation concerning the
  White      Slave   Traffic    (the   purely    commercial      nature    of  which     I  was
  prevented from exposing on the stage by the Censorship twenty years ago)
  the Government yielded to an outcry for flagellation led by the Archbishop
  of Canterbury; and passed an Act under which a judge can sentence a man
  to be flogged to the utmost extremity with any instrument usable for such
  a   purpose   that   he   cares   to   prescribe。   Such   an   Act   is   not   a   legislative
  phenomenon         but   a  psychopathic      one。    Its  effect   on   the  White     Slave
  Traffic was; of course; to distract public attention from its real cause and
  from the people who really profit by it to imaginary 〃foreign scoundrels;〃
  and to secure a monopoly of its organization for women。
  And all this evil is made possible by the schoolmaster with his cane
  and   birch;  by  the  parents   getting   rid   as best   they  can   of   the nuisance  of
  children   making   noise   and   mischief   in   the   house;   and   by   the   denial   to
  children of the elementary rights of human beings。
  The   first   man   who   enslaved   and   〃broke   in〃   an   animal   with   a   whip
  would have invented the explosion engine instead could he have foreseen
  the curse he was laying on his race。             For men and women learnt thereby
  to enslave and break in their children by the same means。                  These children;
  grown up; knew no other methods of training。                   Finally the evil that was
  done for gain by the greedy was refined on and done for pleasure by the
  lustful。    Flogging has become a pleasure purchasable in our streets; and
  inhibition a grown…up habit that children play at。 〃Go and see what baby is
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  doing;   and   tell   him   he   mustnt〃   is   the   last   word   of   the   nursery;   and   the
  grimmest aspect of it is that it was first formulated by a comic paper as a
  capital joke。
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  Technical Instruction
  Technical   instruction   tempts   to   violence   (as   a   short   cut)   more   than
  liberal    education。       The     sailor   in   Mr    Rudyard       Kipling's    Captains
  Courageous; teaching the boy the names of the ship's tackle with a rope's
  end; does not disgust us as our schoolmasters do; especially as the boy was
  a spoiled boy。       But an unspoiled boy would not have needed that drastic
  medicine。      Technical training may be as tedious as learning to skate or to
  play the piano or violin; but it is the price one must pay to achieve certain
  desirable results or necessary ends。 It is a monstrous thing to force a child
  to   learn   Latin   or   Greek   or   mathematics   on   the   ground   that   they   are   an
  indispensable gymnastic for the mental powers。                  It would be   monstrous
  even if it were true; for there is no labor that might not be imposed on a
  child   or   an   adult   on   the   same   pretext;   but   as   a   glance   at   the   average
  products of our public school and university education shews that it is not
  true; it need not trouble us。         But it is a fact that ignorance of Latin and
  Greek   and   mathematics   closes   certain   careers   to   men   (I   do   not   mean
  artificial;   unnecessary;      noxious     careers   like   those   of   the  commercial
  schoolmaster)。       Languages;   even   dead   ones;   have   their   uses;   and;   as   it
  seems to many of us; mathematics have their uses。                  They will always be
  learned by people who want to learn them; and people will always want to
  learn them as long as they are of any importance in life:                indeed the want
  will   survive   their   importance:     superstition   is   nowhere   stronger   than   in
  the    field  of   obsolete    acquirements。       And     they   will   never    be   learnt
  fruitfully  by  people   who   do   not   want   to   learn   them  either   for   their   own
  sake or for use in necessary work。            There is no harder schoolmaster than
  experience; and   yet experience   fails to   teach   where there   is no desire to
  learn。
  Still; one must not begin to apply this generalization too early。                  And
  this brings me to an important factor in the case:             the factor of evolution。
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  Docility and Dependence
  If anyone; impressed by my view that the rights of a child are precisely
  those of an adult; proceeds to treat a child as if it were an adult; he (or she)
  will find that though the plan will work much better at some points than
  the   usual   plan;   at   others   it   will   not   work   at   all;   and   this   discovery   may
  provoke him to turn back from the whole conception of children's rights
  with    a   jest  at  the  expense      of  bachelors'     and   old   maids'    children。     In
  dealing with children what is needed is not logic but sense。                      There is no
  logical   reason   why   young   persons   should   be   allowed   greater   control   of
  their   property   the   day   after   they   are   twenty…one   than   the   day   before   it。
  There is no logical reason why I; who strongly object to an adult standing
  over a boy of ten with a Latin grammar; and saying; 〃you must learn this;
  whether   you   want   to   or   not;〃   should   nevertheless   be   quite   prepared   to
  stand over a boy of five with the multiplication table or a copy book or a
  code   of   elementary   good   manners;   and   practice   on   his   docility   to   make
  him  learn   them。       And   there   is   no   logical   reason   why  I   should   do   for   a
  child     a   great    many     little  offices;    some      of   them    troublesome        and
  disagreeable; which I should not do for a boy twice its age; or support a
  boy     or  girl  when     I  would     unhesitatingly      throw    an   adult   on   his   own
  resources。       But    there   are   practical    reasons;    and   sensible     reasons;    and
  affectionate reasons for all these illogicalities。 Children do not want to be
  treated     altogether    as   adults:    such     treatment     terrifies   them    and    over…
  burdens them with responsibility。 In truth; very few adults care to be called
  on    for   independence        and   originality:      they    also    are  bewildered       and
  terrified   in   the   absence   of   precedents   and   precepts   and   commandments;
  but modern Democracy allows them a sanctioning and cancelling power if
  they   are   capable   of   using   it;   which   children   are   not。     To   treat   a   child
  wholly   as   an   adult   would   be   to   mock   and   destroy   it。    Infantile   docility
  and   juvenile   dependence   are;   like   death;   a   product   of   Natural   Selection;
  and   though   there   is   no   viler   crime   than   to   abuse   them;   yet   there   is   no
  greater   cruelty   than   to   ignore   them。      I   have   complained   sufficiently   of
  what      I  suffered     through     the   process     of   assault;    imprisonment;        and
  compulsory lessons that taught me nothing; which are called my schooling。
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  But   I   could   say   a   good   deal   also   about   the   things   I   was   not   taught   and
  should   have been   taug