第 5 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9319
  understand      the   hold   which     Marxian     Socialism     has   acquired    over   the
  intellect and imagination of a large proportion of working…class leaders。
  ‘‘A spectre is haunting Europe;'' it begins; ‘‘the spectre of Communism。
  All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise
  this spectrePope and Czar; Metternich and Guizot; French Radicals and
  German police…spies。 Where  is   the  party  in   opposition that has not been
  decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition
  that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism against the
  more     advanced      opposition    parties;   as   well   as  against    its  re…actionary
  adversaries?''
  The   existence   of   a   class   war   is   nothing   new:   ‘‘The   history   of   all
  hitherto     existing   society    is  the   history    of  class   struggles。''   In   these
  struggles     the   fight   ‘‘each    time   ended;    either   in   a  revolutionary      re…
  constitution of society at large; or in the common ruin of the contending
  classes。''
  ‘‘Our epoch; the epoch of the bourgeoisie 。 。 。 has simplified the class
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  antagonisms。 Society as a  whole is more and   more splitting up into two
  great   hostile   camps;   into   two   great   classes   directly   facing   each   other:
  Bourgeoisie       and    Proletariat。''   Then    follows     a  history    of  the   fall  of
  feudalism;  leading   to   a  description   of   the  bourgeoisie   as   a   revolutionary
  force。    ‘‘The    bourgeoisie;    historically;    has  played    a  most    revolutionary
  part。'' ‘‘For exploitation; veiled by religious and political illusions; it has
  substituted naked; shameless; direct; brutal exploitation。'' ‘‘The need of a
  constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over
  the whole surface of the globe。'' ‘‘The bourgeoisie; during its rule of scarce
  one     hundred      years;   has    created    more     massive     and    more     colossal
  productive   forces   than   have   all   preceding   generations   together。''   Feudal
  relations became fetters: ‘‘They had to be burst asunder; they were burst
  asunder。 。 。 。 A similar movement is going on before our own eyes。'' ‘‘The
  weapons   with   which   the   bourgeoisie   felled   feudalism   to   the   ground   are
  now turned against the bourgeoisie itself。 But not only has the bourgoisie
  forged     the  weapons      that  bring    death   to  itself;  it  has  also   called   into
  existence the men who are to wield those weapons the modern working
  classthe proletarians。''
  The cause of the destitution of the proletariat are then set forth。 ‘‘The
  cost of production of a workman is restricted; almost entirely; to the means
  of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance and for the propagation
  of his race。 But the price of a commodity; and therefore also of labor; is
  equal     to   its   cost   of   production。      In   proportion;     therefore;     as   the
  repulsiveness   of   the   work   increases;   the   wage   decreases。   Nay   more;   in
  proportion as the use of machinery and diversion of labor increases; in the
  same proportion the burden of toil also increases。''
  ‘‘Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal
  master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist。 Masses of laborers;
  crowded   into   the   factory;   are   organized   like   soldiers。 As   privates   of   the
  industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy
  of officers and sergeants。 Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class;
  and   of   the   bourgeois   State;   they   are   daily   and   hourly   enslaved   by   the
  machine; by  the over…looker;  and; above  all; by  the individual bourgeois
  manufacturer himself。 The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to
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  be    its  end  and    aim;   the  more    petty;   the  more    hateful;    and   the  more
  embittering it is。''
  The Manifesto tells next   the manner  of growth   of the  class   struggle。
  ‘‘The   proletariat   goes   through   various   stages   of   development。   With   its
  birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie。 At first the contest is carried
  on by individual laborers; then by the workpeople of a factory; then by the
  operatives   of   one   trade;   in   one   locality;   against   the  individual   bourgeois
  who     directly   exploits    them。    They    direct   their  attacks    not  against    the
  bourgeois      conditions      of   production;     but   against    the   instruments      of
  production themselves。''
  ‘‘At this stage the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over
  the    whole     country;    and   broken     up   by   their   mutual     competition。      If
  anywhere   they   unite   to   form   more   compact   bodies;   this   is   not   yet   the
  consequence of their own active union; but of the union of the bourgeoisie;
  which class; in order to attain its own political ends; is compelled to set the
  whole proletariat in motion; and is moreover yet; for a time; able to do so。''
  ‘‘The collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois
  take    more    and   more    the   character    of  collisions    between     two   classes。
  Thereupon       the   workers     begin    to  form    combinations      (Trades     Unions)
  against the  bourgeois; they  club   together  in order to keep up the  rate of
  wages;   they   found   permanent   associations   in   order   to   make   provision
  beforehand for these occasional revolts。 Here and there the contest breaks
  out into riots。 Now and then the workers are victorious; but only for a time。
  The real fruit of their battles lies; not in the immediate result; but in the
  ever…expanding union of the workers。 This union is helped on by the im…
  proved means of communication that are created by modern industry; and
  that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another。 It
  was   just   this   contact   that   was   needed   to   centralize   the   numerous   local
  struggles;   all   of   the   same   character;   into   one   national   struggle   between
  classes。 But every class struggle is a political struggle。 And that union; to
  attain    which    the   burghers     of  the   Middle     Ages;    with   their   miserable
  highways; required centuries; the modern proletarians; thanks to railways;
  achieve in a few years。 This organization of the proletarians into a class;
  and consequently into a political party; is continually being upset again by
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  the competition between the workers themselves。 But it ever rises up again;
  stronger; firmer;  mightier。 It compels legislative recognition of particular
  interests of the workers; by taking advantage of the divisions among the
  bourgeoisie itself。''
  ‘‘In the conditions of the proletariat; those of old society at large are
  already     virtually    swamped。      The    proletarian     is  without    property;     his
  relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with
  the bourgeois family…relations; modern industrial labor; modern subjection
  to capital; the same in England as in France; in America as in Germany;
  has    stripped    him   of  every    trace   of  national    character。   Law;    morality;
  religion; are to him  so many  bourgeois prejudices;   behind which lurk in
  ambush just as many bourgeois interests。 All the preceding classes that got
  the    upper    hand;    sought     to  fortify   their   already    acquired     status   by
  subjecting      society    at  large   to  their   conditions     of  appropriation。      The
  proletarians   cannot   become   masters   of   the   productive   forces   of   society;
  except     by   abolishing     their  own    previous     mode    of   appropriation;     and
  thereby     also   every   other    previous    mode     of  appropriation。     They    have
  nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all
  previous securities for; and insurances of; individual property。 All previous
  historical movements were movements of minorities; or in the interest of
  minorities。   The   proletarian   movement   is   the   self…conscious;   independent
  movement        of  the   immense      majority;    in  the   interest   of  the   immense
  majority。 The proletariat; the lowest stratum of our present society; cannot
  stir;   cannot   raise   itself   up;   without