第 6 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  majority。 The proletariat; the lowest stratum of our present society; cannot
  stir;   cannot   raise   itself   up;   without   the   whole  super…   incumbent   strata   of
  official society being sprung into the air。''
  The Communists; says Marx; stand for the proletariat as a whole。 They
  are international。 ‘‘The Communists are further reproached with desiring
  to abolish countries and nationality。 The working men have no country。 We
  cannot take from them what they have not got。''
  The   immediate   aim   of   the   Communists   is   the   conquests   of   political
  power by the proletariat。 ‘‘The theory of the Communists may be summed
  up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property。''
  The    materialistic    interpretation     of  history    is  used   to  answer     such
  charges     as   that   Communism         is  anti…Christian。    ‘‘The    charges     against
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  Communism made from a religious; a philosophical; and; generally; from
  an ideological standpoint; are not deserving of serious examination。 Does
  it   require    deep   intuition    to  comprehend        that   man's    ideas;   views    and
  conceptions;       in   one   word;     man's    consciousness;       changes     with    every
  change in the conditions of his material existence; in his social relations;
  and in his social life?''
  The   attitude   of   the   Manifesto   to   the   State   is   not   altogether   easy   to
  grasp。     ‘‘The   executive     of   the  modern      State;''  we   are   told;   ‘‘is  but  a
  Committee   for   managing   the   common   affairs   of the   whole   bourgeoisie。''
  Nevertheless; the first step for the proletariat must be to acquire control of
  the State。 ‘‘We have seen above; that the first step in the revolution by the
  working class; is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class; to
  win     the   battle   of   democracy。       The    proletariat     will   use   its  political
  supremacy        to  wrest;    by   degrees;    all  capital   from    the   bourgeoisie;     to
  centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the State; i。e。; of
  the  proletariat   organized   as   the   ruling   class;   and   to   increase   the   total   of
  productive forces as rapidly as possible。''
  The Manifesto passes on to an immediate program of reforms; which
  would in the first instance much increase the power of the existing State;
  but it is contended that when the Socialist revolution is accomplished; the
  State; as we know it; will have ceased to exist。 As Engels says elsewhere;
  when the   proletariat   seizes the   power   of the   State   ‘‘it   puts   an   end   to   all
  differences of class and antagonisms of class; and consequently also puts
  an end to the State as a State。'' Thus; although State Socialism might; in
  fact;   be   the   outcome   of   the   proposals   of   Marx   and   Engels;   they   cannot
  themselves be accused of any glorification of the State。
  The Manifesto ends with an appeal to the wage… earners of the world
  to   rise   on   behalf   of   Communism。   ‘‘The   Communists   disdain   to   conceal
  their views and aims。 They openly declare that their ends can be attained
  only   by   the   forcible   overthrow   of   all   existing   social   conditions。   Let   the
  ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution。 The proletarians have
  nothing to lose but their chains。 They have a world to win。 Working men
  of all countries; unite!''
  In all the great countries of the Continent; except Russia; a revolution
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  followed quickly on the publication of the Communist Manifesto; but the
  revolution   was   not   economic   or   international;   except   at   first   in   France。
  Everywhere else it was inspired by the ideas of nationalism。 Accordingly;
  the rulers of the world; momentarily terrified; were able to recover power
  by fomenting the enmities inherent in the nationalist idea; and everywhere;
  after a very brief triumph; the revolution ended in war and reaction。 The
  ideas of the Communist Manifesto appeared before the world was ready
  for them; but its authors lived to see the beginnings of the growth of that
  Socialist      movement       in   every     country;    which     has    pressed     on   with
  increasing force; influencing Governments more and more; dominating the
  Russian Revolution; and perhaps capable of achieving at no very distant
  date that international triumph to which the last sentences of the Manifesto
  summon the wage…earners of the world。
  Marx's   magnum   opus;   ‘‘Capital;''   added   bulk   and   substance   to   the
  theses   of   the   Communist   Manifesto。   It   contributed   the   theory  of   surplus
  value;     which    professed     to  explain     the  actual    mechanism       of  capitalist
  exploitation。 This doctrine is very complicated and is scarcely tenable as a
  contribution to pure theory。 It is rather to be viewed as a translation into
  abstract   terms   of   the   hatred   with   which   Marx   regarded   the   system   that
  coins wealth out of human lives; and it is in this spirit; rather than in that
  of   disinterested   analysis;   that   it   has   been   read   by  its   admirers。 A  critical
  examination of   the theory  of   surplus value   would   require   much   difficult
  and   abstract   discussion   of   pure   economic   theory   without   having   much
  bearing upon the practical truth or falsehood of Socialism; it has therefore
  seemed impossible within the limits of the present volume。 To   my  mind
  the   best   parts   of   the   book   are   those   which   deal   with   economic   facts;   of
  which Marx's knowledge was encyclopaedic。 It was by these facts that he
  hoped to instil into his disciples that firm and undying hatred that should
  make   them   soldiers   to   the   death   in   the   class   war。   The   facts   which   he
  accumulates   are   such   as   are   practically  unknown   to   the vast   majority  of
  those   who   live   comfortable   lives。   They   are   very   terrible   facts;   and   the
  economic   system   which   generates   them   must   be   acknowledged   to   be   a
  very terrible system。 A few examples of his choice of facts will serve to
  explain the bitterness of many Socialists:
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  Mr。 Broughton Charlton; county magistrate; declared; as chairman of
  a meeting held at the Assembly Rooms; Nottingham; on the 14th January;
  1860;   ‘‘that   there   was   an   amount   of   privation   and   suffering   among   that
  portion of the population connected with the lace trade; unknown in other
  parts of the kingdom; indeed; in the civilized world。 。 。 。 Children of nine
  or ten years are dragged from their squalid beds at two; three; or four o
  clock in the morning and compelled to work for a bare subsistence until
  ten;   eleven;   or   twelve   at   night;   their   limbs   wearing   away;   their   frames
  dwindling;   their   faces   whitening;   and   their   humanity   absolutely   sinking
  into a stone…like torpor; utterly horrible to contemplate。'''4'
  '4' Vol。 i; p。 227。
  Three   railway   men   are   standing   before   a   London   coroner's   jurya
  guard; an engine…driver; a signalman。 A tremendous railway accident has
  hurried hundreds of passengers into another world。 The negligence of the
  employes   is   the   cause   of   the   misfortune。   They   declare   with   one   voice
  before the jury that ten or twelve years before; their labor only lasted eight
  hours a day。 During the last five or six years it had been screwed up to 14;
  18; and 20 hours; and under a specially severe pressure of holiday…makers;
  at times of excursion trains; it often lasted 40 or 50 hours without a break。
  They were ordinary men; not Cyclops。 At a certain point their labor…power
  failed。 Torpor seized them。 Their brain ceased to think; their eyes to see。
  The thoroughly ‘‘respectable'' British jurymen answered by a verdict that
  sent them to the next assizes on a charge of manslaughter; and; in a gentle
  ‘‘rider''   to  their  verdict;   expressed     the   pious   hope    that  the  capitalistic
  magnates   of   the   railways   would;   in   future;   be   more   extravagant   in   the
  purchase of a sufficient quantity of labor…power; and more ‘‘abstemious;''
  more     ‘‘self…denying;''     more    ‘‘thrifty;''  in  the   draining    of   paid   labor…
  power。'5'
  '5' Vol。 i; pp。 237; 238。
  In the last week of June; 1863; all the London daily paper