第 61 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9321
  It is impossible; even if it were desirable; to restore the  mixture of civil and ecclesiastical governments which obtained in  the Middle Ages; and a total separation of church and state; even  as corporations; would; in the pres… 416                                    ent state of men's minds in  Europe; be construed; if approved by the church; into a sanction  by her of political atheism; or the right of the civil power to  govern according to its own will and pleasure in utter disregard  of the law of God; the moral order; or the immutable distinctions  between right and wrong。  It could only favor the absolutism of  the state; and put the temporal in the place of the spiritual。   Hence; the Holy Father includes the proposition of the entire  separation of church and state in the Syllabus of Errors  condemned in his Encyclical; dated at Rome; December 8; 1864。   Neither the state nor the people; elsewhere than in the United  States; can understand practically such separation in any other  sense than the complete emancipation of our entire secular life  from the law of God; or the Divine order; which is the real  order。  It is not the union of church and statethat is; the  union; or identity rather; of religious and political  principlesthat it is desirable to get rid of; but the disunion  or antagonism of church and state。  But this is nowhere possible  out of the United States; for nowhere else is the state organized  on catholic principles; or capable of acting; when acting from  its own constitution; in harmony with a really catholic church;  or the religious order 417                        really existing; in relation to which all  things are created and governed。  Nowhere else is it practicable;  at present; to maintain between the two powers their normal  relations。
  But what is not practicable in the Old World is perfectly  practicable in the New。  The state here being organized in  accordance with catholic principles; there can be no antagonism  between it and the church。  Though operating in different  spheres; both are; in their respective spheres; developing and  applying to practical life the one and the same Divine Idea。  The  church can trust the state; and the state can trust the church。   Both act from the same principle to one and the same end。  Each  by its own constitution co…operates with; aids; and completes the  other。  It is true the church is not formally established as the  civil law of the land; nor is it necessary that she should be;  because there is nothing in the state that conflicts with her  freedom and independence; with her dogmas or her irreformable  canons。  The need of establishing the church by law; and  protecting her by legal pains and penalties; as is still done in  most countries; can exist only in a barbarous or semi…barbarous  state of society; where the state is not organized on catholic  principles; or the civilization is based on false  418                                                   principles; and  in its development tends not to the real or Divine order of  things。  When the state is constituted in harmony with that  order; it is carried onward by the force of its own internal  constitution in a catholic direction; and a church establishment;  or what is called a state religion; would be an anomaly; or a  superfluity。  The true religion is in the heart of the state; as  its informing principle and real interior life。  The external  establishment; by legal enactment of the church; would afford her  no additional protection; add nothing to her power and efficacy;  and effect nothing for faith or pietyneither of which can be  forced; because both must; from their nature; be free…will  offerings to God。
  In the United States; false religions are legally as free as the  true religion; but all false religions being one…sided;  sophistical; and uncatholic; are opposed by the principles of the  state; which tend; by their silent but effective workings; to  eliminate them。  The American state recognizes only the catholic  religion。  It eschews all sectarianism; and none of the sects  have been able to get their peculiarities incorporated into its  constitution or its laws。  The state conforms to what each holds  that is catholic; that is always and everywhere religion; and  what 419      ever is not catholic it leaves; as outside of its province;  to live or die; according to its own inherent vitality or want of  vitality。  The state conscience is catholic; not sectarian; hence  it is that the utmost freedom can be allowed to all religions;  the false as well as the true; for the state; being catholic in  its constitution; can never suffer the adherents of the false to  oppress the consciences of the adherents of the true。  The church  being free; and the state harmonizing with her; catholicity has;  in the freedom of both; all the protection it needs; all the  security it can ask; and all the support it can; in the nature of  the case receive from external institutions; or from social and  political organizations。
  This freedom may not be universally wise or prudent; for all  nations may not be prepared for it: all may not have attained  their majority。  The church; as well as the state; must deal with  men and nations as they are; not as they are not。  To deal with a  child as with an adult; or with a barbarous nation as with a  civilized nation; would be only acting a lie。  The church cannot  treat men as free men where they are not free men; nor appeal to  reason in those in whom reason is undeveloped。  She must adapt  her discipline to the age; condition; and culture of individuals;  and 420     to the greater or less progress of nations in civilization。   She herself remains always the same in her constitution; her  authority; and her faith; but varies her discipline with the  variations of time and place。  Many of her canons; very proper  and necessary in one age; cease to be so in another; and many  which are needed in the Old World would be out of place in the  New World。  Under the American system; she can deal with the  people as free men; and trust them as freemen; because free men  they are。  The freeman asks; why? and the reason why must be  given him; or his obedience fails to be secured。  The simple  reason that the church commands will rarely satisfy him; he would  know why she commands this or that。  The full…grown free man  revolts at blind obedience; and he regards all obedience as in  some measure blind for which he sees only an extrinsic command。   Blind obedience even to the authority of the church cannot be  expected of the people reared under the American system; not  because they are filled with the spirit of disobedience; but  because they insist that obedience shall be rationabile  obsequium; an act of the understanding; not of the will or the  affections alone。  They are trained to demand a reason for the  command given them; to dis… 421                           tinguish between the law and the person  of the magistrate。  They can obey God; but not man; and they must  see that the command given has its reason in the Divine order; or  the intrinsic catholic reason of things; or they will not yield  it a full; entire; and hearty obedience。  The reason that  suffices for the child does not suffice for the adult; and the  reason that suffices for barbarians does not suffice for civilized  men; or that suffices for nations in the infancy of their  civilization does not suffice for them in its maturity。  The  appeal to external authority was much less frequent under the  Roman Empire than in the barbarous ages that followed its  downfall; when the church became mixed up with the state。
  This trait of the American character is not uncatholic。  An  intelligent; free; willing obedience; yielded from personal  conviction; after seeing its reasonableness; its justice; its  logic in the Divine orderthe obedience of a free man; not of a  slaveis far more consonant to the spirit of the church; and far  more acceptable to God; than simple; blind obedience; and a  people capable of yielding it stand far higher in the scale of  civilization than the people that must be governed as children or  barbarians。  It is possible that the people of the Old World 422                                                              are  not prepared for the regimen of freedom in religion any more than  they are prepared for freedom in politics; for they have been  trained only to obey external authority; and are not accustomed  to look on religion as having its reason in the real order; or in  the reason of things。  They understand no reason for obedience  beyond the external command; and do not believe it possible to  give or to understand the reason why the command itself is given。   They regard the authority of the church as a thing apart; and see  no way by which faith and reason can be harmonized。  They look  upon them as antagonistic forces rather than as integral elements  of one and the same whole。  Concede them the regimen of freedom;  and their religion has no support but in their good…will; their  affections; their associations; their habits; and their  prejudices。  It has no root in their rational convictions; and  when they begin to reason they begin to doubt。  This