第 19 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  hurch with most disastrous consequences。  While the Roman  Empire of the West subsisted; and even after its 118                                                  fall; so long as  the emperor of the East asserted and practically maintained his  authority in the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Duchy of Rome; the  Popes comported themselves; in civil matters; as subjects of the  Roman emperor; and set forth no claim to temporal independence。   But when the emperor had lost Rome; and all his possessions in  Italy; had abandoned them; or been deprived of them by the  barbarians; and ceased to make any efforts to recover them; the  Pope was no longer a subject; even in civil matters; of the  emperor; and owed him no civil allegiance。  He became civilly  independent of the Roman Empire; and had only spiritual relations  with it。  To the new powers that sprang up in Europe he appears  never to have acknowledged any civil subjection; and uniformly  asserted; in face of them; his civil as well as spiritual  independence。
  This civil independence the successors of Charlemagne; who  pretended to be the successors of the Roman Emperors of the West;  and called their empire the Holy Roman Empire; denied; and  maintained that the Pope owed them civil allegiance; or that; in  temporals; the emperor was the Pope's superior。  If; said the  emperor; or his lawyers for him; the civil power is from God; as  it must be; since non est potestas  119                                    nisi a Deo; the state stands  on the same footing with the church; and the imperial power  emanates from as high a source as the Pontifical。 The  emperor is then as supreme in temporals as the Pope in  spirituals; and as the emperor is subject to the pope in  spirituals; so must the Pope be subject to the emperor in  temporals。  As at the time when the dispute arose; the temporal  interests of churchmen were so interwoven with their spiritual  rights; the pretensions of the emperor amounted practically to  the subjection in spirituals as well as temporals of the  ecclesiastical authority to the civil; and absorbed the church in  the state; the reasoning was denied; and churchmen replied: The  Pope represents the spiritual order; which is always and  everywhere supreme over the temporal; since the spiritual order  is the divine sovereignty itself。  Always and everywhere; then;  is the Pope independent of the emperor; his superior; and to  subject him in any thing to the emperor would be as repugnant to  reason as to subject the soul to the body; the spirit to the  flesh; heaven to earth; or God to man。
  If the universal supremacy claimed for the Pope; rejoined the  imperialists; be conceded; the state would be absorbed in the  church; the autonomy of civil society would be destroyed; and 120 civil rulers would have no functions but to do the bidding of the  clergy。  It would establish a complete theocracy; or; rather;  clerocracy; of all possible governments the government the most  odious to mankind; and the most hostile to social progress。  Even  the Jews could not; or would not; endure it; and prayed God to  give them a king; that they might be like other nations。
  In the heat of the controversy neither party clearly and  distinctly perceived the true state of the question; and each was  partly right and partly wrong。  The imperialists wanted room for  the free activity of civil society; the church wanted to  establish in that society the supremacy of the moral order; or  the law of God; without which governments can have no stability;  and society no real well…being。  The real solution of the  difficulty was always to be found in the doctrine of the church  herself; and had been given time and again by her most approved  theologians。  The Pope; as the visible head of the spiritual  society; is; no doubt; superior to the emperor; not precisely  because he represents a superior order; but because the church;  of which he is the visible chief; is a supernatural institution;  and holds immediately from God; whereas civil society; 121 represented by the emperor; holds from God only mediately;  through second causes; or the people。  Yet; though derived from  God only through the people; civil authority still holds from God;  and derives its right from Him through another channel than the  church or spiritual society; and; therefore; has a right; a  sacredness; which the church herself gives not; and must  recognize and respect。  This she herself teaches in teaching that  even infidels; as we have seen; may have legitimate government;  and since; though she interprets and applies the law of God; both  natural and revealed; she makes neither。
  Nevertheless; the imperialists or the statists insisted on their  false charge against the Pope; that he labored to found a purely  theocratic or clerocratic government; and finding themselves  unable to place the representative of the civil society on the  same level with the representative of the spiritual; or to  emancipate the state from the law of God while they conceded the  divine origin or right of government; they sought to effect its  independence by asserting for it only a natural or purely human  origin。  For nearly two centuries the most popular and  influential writers on government have rejected the divine origin  and ground of civil authority; 122                                and excluded God from the state。   They have refused to look beyond second causes; and have labored  to derive authority from man alone。  They have not only separated  the state from the church as an external corporation; but from  God as its internal lawgiver; and by so doing have deprived the  state of her sacredness; inviolability; or hold on the conscience;  scoffed at loyalty as a superstition; and consecrated not civil  authority; but what is called 〃the right of insurrection。〃  Under  their teaching the age sympathizes not with authority in its  efforts to sustain itself and protect society; but with those who  conspire against itthe insurgents; rebels; revolutionists  seeking its destruction。  The established government that seeks  to enforce respect for its legitimate authority and compel  obedience to the laws; is held to be despotic; tyrannical;  oppressive; and resistance to it to be obedience to God; and a  wild howl rings through Christendom against the prince that will  not stand still and permit the conspirators to cut his throat。   There is hardly a government now in the civilized world that can  sustain itself for a moment without an armed force sufficient to  overawe or crush the party or parties in permanent conspiracy  against it。
  This result is not what was aimed at or de… 123                                           sired; but it is the  logical or necessary result of the attempt to erect the state on  atheistical principles。  Unless founded on the divine sovereignty;  authority can sustain itself only by force; for political atheism  recognizes no right but might。  No doubt the politicians have  sought an atheistical; or what is the same thing; a purely human;  basis for government; in order to secure an open field for human  freedom and activity; or individual or social progress。  The end  aimed at has been good; laudable even; but they forgot that  freedom is possible only with authority that protects it against  license as well as against despotism; and that there can be no  progress where there is nothing that is not progressive。  In  civil society two things are necessarystability and movement。   The human is the element of movement; for in it are possibilities  that can be only successively actualized。  But the element of  stability can be found only in the divine; in God; in whom there  is no unactualized possibility; who; therefore; is immovable;  immutable; and eternal。  The doctrine that derives authority from  God through the people; recognizes in the state both of these  elements; and provides alike for stability and progress。
  This doctrine is not mere theory; it simply 124                                             states the real order  of things。  It is not telling what ought to be; but what is in  the real order。  It only asserts for civil government the  relation to God which nature herself holds to him; which the  entire universe holds to the Creator。  Nothing in man; in nature;  in the universe; is explicable without the creative act of God;  for nothing exists without that act。  That God 〃in the beginning  created heaven and earth;〃 is the first principle of all science  as of all existences; in politics no less than in theology。  God  and creation comprise all that is or exists; and creation; though  distinguishable from God as the act from the actor; is  inseparable from him; 〃for in Him we live and move and have our  being。〃  All creatures are joined to him by his creative act; and  exist only as through that act they participate of his being。   Through that act he is immanent as first cause in all creatures  and in every act of every creature。  The creature deriving from  his creative act can no more continue to exist than it could  begin to exist without it。  It is as bad philosophy as theology;  to suppose that God created the universe; endowed it with certain  laws of development or activity; wou