第 18 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  1                                                            civil  rulers; but this did not imply that they received their power or  right to govern from God through her; but implied that their  persons were sacred; and that violence to them would be  sacrilege; that they held the Christian faith; and acknowledged  themselves bound to protect it; and to govern their subjects  justly; according to the law of God。
  The church; moreover; has always recognized the distinction of  the two powers; and although the Pope owes to the fact that he is  chief of the spiritual society; his temporal principality; no  theologian or canonist of the slightest respectability would  argue that he derives his rights as temporal sovereign from his  rights as pontiff。  His rights as pontiff depend on the express  appointment of God; his rights as temporal prince are derived  from the same source from which other princes derive their  rights; and are held by the same tenure。  Hence canonists have  maintained that the subjects of other states may even engage in  war with the Pope as prince; without breach of their fidelity to  him as pontiff or supreme visible head of the church。
  The church not only distinguishes between the two powers; but  recognizes as legitimate; governments that manifestly do not  derive from God through her。  St。 Paul enjoins obedience 112                                                          to the  Roman emperors for conscience' sake; and the church teaches that  infidels and heretics may have legitimate government; and if she  has ever denied the right of any infidel or heretical prince; it  has been on the ground that the constitution and laws of his  principality require him to profess and protect the Catholic  faith。  She tolerates resistance in a non…Catholic state no more  than in a Catholic state to the prince; and if she has not  condemned and cut off from her communion the Catholics who in our  struggle have joined the Secessionists and fought in their ranks  against the United States; it is because the prevalence of the  doctrine of State sovereignty has seemed to leave a reasonable  doubt whether they were really rebels fighting against their  legitimate sovereign or not。
  No doubt; as the authority of the church is derived immediately  from God in a supernatural manner; and as she holds that the  state derives its authority only mediately from him; in a natural  mode; she asserts the superiority of her authority; and that; in  case of conflict between the two powers; the civil must yield。   But this is only saying that supernatural is above natural。   Butand this is the important pointshe does not teach; nor  permit the faithful to 113                        hold; that the supernatural abrogates the  natural; or in any way supersedes it。  Grace; say the  theologians; supposes nature; gratia supponit naturam。  The  church in the matter of government accepts the natural; aids it;  elevates it; and is its firmest support。
  VII。 St。 Augustine; St。 Gregory Magnus; St。 Thomas; Bellarmin;  Suarez; and the theologians generally; hold that princes derive  their power from God through the people; or that the people;  though not the source; are the medium of all political authority;  and therefore rulers are accountable for the use they make of  their power to both God and the people。
  This doctrine agrees with the democratic theory in vesting  sovereignty in the people; instead of the king or the nobility; a  particular individual; family; class; or caste; and differs from  it; as democracy is commonly explained; in understanding by the  people; the people collectively; not individuallythe organic  people; or people fixed to a given territory; not the people as a  mere populationthe people in the republican sense of the word  nation; not in the barbaric or despotic sense; and in deriving  the sovereignty from God; from whom is all power; and except from  whom there is and can be no power; in… 114                                      stead of asserting it as the  underived and indefeasible right of the people in their 〃own  native right and might。〃  The people not being God; and being  only what philosophers call a second cause; they are and can be  sovereign only in a secondary and relative sense。  It asserts the  divine origin of power; while democracy asserts its human origin。   But as; under the law of nature; all men are equal; or have equal  rights as men; one man has and can have in himself no right to  govern another; and as man is never absolutely his own; but  always and everywhere belongs to his Creator; it is clear that no  government originating in humanity alone can be a legitimate  government。  Every such government is founded on the assumption  that man is God; which is a great mistakeis; in fact; the  fundamental sophism which underlies every error and every sin。
  The divine origin of government; in the sense asserted by  Christian theologians; is never found distinctly set forth in the  political writings of the ancient Greek and Roman writers。   Gentile philosophy had lost the tradition of creation; as some  modern philosophers; in so…called Christian nations; are fast  losing it; and were as unable to explain the origin of government  as they were the origin of man himself。
  115 Even Plato; the profoundest of all ancient philosophers; and the  most faithful to the traditionary wisdom of the race; lacks the  conception of creation; and never gets above that of generation  and formation。  Things are produced by the Divine Being  impressing his own ideas; eternal in his own mind; on a  pre…existing matter; as a seal on wax。  Aristotle teaches  substantially the same doctrine。  Things eternally exist as  matter and form; and all the Divine Intelligence does; is to  unite the form to the matter; and change it; as the schoolmen say;  from materia informis to materia formata。  Even the Christian  Platonists and Peripatetics never as philosophers assert creation;  they assert it; indeed; but as theologians; as a fact of  revelation; not as a fact of science; and hence it is that their  theology and their philosophy never thoroughly harmonize; or at  least are not shown to harmonize throughout。
  Speaking generally; the ancient Gentile philosophers were  pantheists; and represented the universe either as God or as an  emanation from God。  They had no proper conception of Providence;  or the action of God in nature through natural agencies; or as  modern physicists say; natural laws。  If they recognized the  action of divinity at all; it was a supernatural 116                                                  or miraculous  intervention of some god。  They saw no divine intervention in any  thing naturally explicable; or explicable by natural laws。   Having no conception of the creative act; they could have none of  its immanence; or the active and efficacious presence of the  Creator in all his works; even in the action of second causes  themselves。  Hence they could not assert the divine origin of  government; or civil authority; without supposing it  supernaturally founded; and excluding all human and natural  agencies from its institution。  Their writings may be studied  with advantage on the constitution of the state; on the practical  workings of different forms of government; as well as on the  practical administration of affairs; but never on the origin of  the state; and the real ground of its authority。
  The doctrine is derived from Christian theology; which teaches  that there is no power except from God; and enjoins civil  obedience as a religious duty。  Conscience is accountable to God  alone; and civil government; if it had only a natural or human  origin; could not bind it。  Yet Christianity makes the civil law;  within its legitimate sphere; as obligatory on conscience as the  divine law itself; and no man is blameless before God who is not  blameless before the state。  No man performs faithfully his  religious 117           duties who neglects his civil duties; and hence; the  law of the church allows no one to retire from the world and  enter a religious order; who has duties that bind him or her to  the family or the state; though it is possible that the law is  not always strictly observed; and that individuals sometimes  enter a convent for the sake of getting rid of those duties; or  the equally important duty of taking care of themselves。  But by  asserting the divine origin of government; Christianity  consecrates civil authority; clothes it with a religious  character; and makes civil disobedience; sedition; insurrection;  rebellion; revolution; civil turbulence of any sort or degree;  sins against God as well as crimes against the state。  For the  same reason she makes usurpation; tyranny; oppression of the  people by civil rulers; offences against God as well as against  society; and cognizable by the spiritual authority。
  After the establishment of the Christian church; after its public  recognition; and when conflicting claims arose between the two  powersthe civil and the ecclesiasticalthis doctrine of the  divine origin of civil government was abused; and turned against  the church with most disastrous consequences。  While the Roman  Empire of the West subsisted; and even af