第 16 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9321
  is the developing principle of nature。  Do they  say reason is natural; and the law of 97                                       nature is only reason?   This is not precisely the fact。  The natural law is law proper;  and is reason only in the sense that reason includes both  intellect and will; and nobody can pretend that nature in her  spontaneous developments acts from intelligence and volition。   Reason; as the faculty of knowing; is subjective and natural; but  in the sense in which it is coincident with the natural law; it  is neither subjective nor natural; but objective and divine; and  is God affirming himself and promulgating his law to his  creature; man。  It is; at least; an immediate participation of  the divine by which He reveals himself and His will to the human  understanding; and is not natural; but supernatural; in the sense  that God himself is supernatural。  This is wherefore reason is  law; and every man is bound to submit or conform to reason。
  That legitimate governments are instituted under the natural law  is frankly conceded; but this is by no means the concession of  government as a natural development。  The reason and will of  which the natural law is the expression are the reason and will  of God。  The natural law is the divine law as much as the  revealed law itself; and equally obligatory。  It is not a natural  force developing itself in na… 98                              ture; like the law of generation;  for instance; and therefore proceeding from God as first cause;  but it proceeds from God as final cause; and is; therefore;  theological; and strictly a moral law; founding moral rights and  duties。  Of course; all morality and all legitimate government  rest on this law; or; if you will; originate in it。  But not  therefore in nature; but in the Author of nature。  The authority  is not the authority of nature; but of Him who holds nature in  the hollow of His hand。
  V。 In the seventeenth century a class of political writers who  very well understood that no creature; no man; no number of men;  not even; nature herself; can be inherently sovereign; defended  the opinion that governments are founded; constituted; and  clothed with their authority by the direct and express  appointment of God himself。  They denied that rulers hold their  power from the nation; that; however oppressive may be their  rule; that they are justiciable by any human tribunal; or that  power; except by the direct judgment of God; is amissible。  Their  doctrine is known in history as the doctrine of 〃the divine right  of kings; and passive obedience。〃  All power; says St。 Paul; is  from God; and the powers that be are ordained of God; and to  resist them is to resist 99                          the ordination of God。  They must be  obeyed for conscience' sake。
  It would; perhaps; be rash to say that this doctrine had never  been broached before the seventeenth century; but it received in  that century; and chiefly in England; its fullest and most  systematic developments。  It was patronized by the Anglican  divines; asserted by James I。 of England; and lost the Stuarts  the crown of three kingdoms。  It crossed the Channel; into  France; where it found a few hesitating and stammering defenders  among Catholics; under Louis XIV。; but it has never been very  generally held; though it has had able and zealous supporters。   In England it was opposed by all the Presbyterians; Puritans;  Independents; and Republicans; and was forgotten or abandoned by  the Anglican divines themselves in the Revolution of 1688; that  expelled James II。 and crowned William and Mary。  It was ably  refuted by the Jesuit Suarez in his reply to a Remonstrance for  the Divine Right of Kings by the James I。; and a Spanish monk who  had asserted it in Madrid; under Philip II。; was compelled by the  Inquisition to retract it publicly in the place where he had  asserted it。  All republicans reject it; and the Church has never  sanctioned it。  The Sovereign 100                               Pontiffs have claimed and exercised  the right to deprive princes of their principality; and to  absolve their subjects from the oath of fidelity。  Whether the  Popes rightly claimed and exercised that power is not now the  question; but their having claimed and exercised it proves that  the Church does not admit the inamissibility of power and passive  obedience; for the action of the Pope was judicial; not  legislative。  The Pope has never claimed the right to depose a  prince till by his own act he has; under the moral law or the  constitution of his state; forfeited his power; nor to absolve  subjects from their allegiance till their oath; according to its  true intent and meaning; has ceased to bind。  If the Church has  always asserted with the Apostle there is no power but from  Godnon est potestas nisi a Deoshe has always through her  doctors maintained that it is a trust to be exercised for the  public good; and is forfeited when persistently exercised in a  contrary sense。  St。 Augustine; St。 Thomas; and Suarez all  maintain that unjust laws are violences rather than laws; and do  not oblige; except in charity or prudence; and that the republic  may change its magistrates; and even its constitution; if it sees proper to do so。
  That God; as universal Creator; is Sovereign 101                                              Lord and proprietor  of all created things or existences; visible or invisible; is  certain; for the maker has the absolute right to the thing made;  it is his; and he may do with it as he will。  As he is sole  creator; he alone hath dominion; and as he is absolute creator;  he has absolute dominion over all the things which he has made。   The guaranty against oppression is his own essential nature; is  in the plenitude of his own being; which is the plenitude of  wisdom and goodness。  He cannot contradict himself; be other than  he is; or act otherwise than according to his own essential  nature。  As he is; in his own eternal and immutable essence;  supreme reason and supreme good; his dominion must always in its  exercise be supremely good and supremely reasonable; therefore  supremely just and equitable。  From him certainly is all power;  he is unquestionably King of kings; and Lord of lords。  By him  kings reign and magistrates decree just things。  He may; at his  will; set up or pull down kings; rear or overwhelm empires;  foster the infant colony; and make desolate the populous city。   All this is unquestionably true; and a simple dictate of reason  common to all men。  But in what sense is it true?  Is it true in  a supernatural sense?  Or is it true only in the sense 102                                                        that it is  true that by him we breathe; perform any or all of our natural  functions; and in him live; and move; and have our being?
  Viewed in their first cause; all things are the immediate  creation of God; and are supernatural; and from the point of view  of the first cause the Scriptures usually speak; for the great  purpose and paramount object of the sacred writers; as of  religion itself; is to make prominent the fact that God is  universal creator; and supreme governor; and therefore the first  and final cause of all things。  But God creates second causes; or  substantial existences; capable themselves of acting and  producing effects in a secondary sense; and hence he is said to  be causa causarum; cause of causes。  What is done by these second  causes or creatures is done eminently by him; for they exist only  by his creative act; and produce only by virtue of his active  presence; or effective concurrence。  What he does through them or  through their agency is done by him; not immediately; but  mediately; and is said to be done naturally; as what he does  immediately is said to be done supernaturally。  Natural is what  God does through second causes; which he creates; supernatural is  that which he does by himself alone; without their intervention  or agency。  Sovereignty; or 105                             the right to govern; is in him; and  he may at his will delegate it to men either mediately or  immediately; by a direct and express appointment; or mediately  through nature。  In the absence of all facts proving its  delegation direct and express; it must be assumed to be mediate;  through second causes。  The natural is always to be presumed; and  the supernatural is to be admitted only on conclusive proof。
  The people of Israel had a supernatural vocation; and they  received their law; embracing their religious and civil  constitution and their ritual directly from God at the hand of  Moses; and various individuals from time to time appear to have  been specially called to be their judges; rulers; or kings。  Saul  was so called; and so was David。 David and his line appear; also;  to have been called not only to supplant Saul and his line; but  to have been supernaturally invested with the kingdom forever;  but it does not appear that the royal power with which David and  his line were invested was inamissible。  They lost it in the  Babylonish captivity; and never afterwards recovered it。  The  Asmonean princes were of another line; and when our Lord came the  sceptre was in the hands of Herod; an