第 34 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:36      字数:9319
  How many times have we heard these; and similar remarks; when the
  newspapers   relate   the   account   of   some   fatality   in   the   air!   People   have
  come   to   think   that   flying   is   a   terribly   risky   occupation;   and   that   if   one
  wishes to put an end to one's life one has only to go up in a flying machine。
  For the last twenty years some of our great writers have prophesied that
  the conquest of the air would be as costly in human life as was that of the
  sea; but their prophecies have most certainly been wrong; for in the wreck
  of one single vessel; such as that of the Titanic; more lives were lost than
  in all the disasters to any form of aerial craft。
  Perhaps some of our grandfathers can remember the dread with which
  many nervous people entered; or saw their friends enter; a train。 Travellers
  by the railway eighty or ninety years ago considered that they took their
  lives in their hands; so to speak; when they went on a long journey; and a
  great sigh of relief arose in the members of their families when the news
  came that the journey was safely ended。 In George Stephenson's days there
  was   considerable   opposition   to   the   institution   of   the   railway;   simply   on
  account of the number of accidents   which it was   anticipated would  take
  place。
  Now we laugh at the fears of our great…grandparents; is it not probable
  that our grandchildren will laugh in a similar manner at our timidity over
  the aeroplane?
  In the case of all recent new inventions in methods of locomotion there
  has   always   been   a   feeling   among   certain   people   that   the   law   ought   to
  prohibit such inventions from being put into practice。
  There used to be bitter opposition to the motor…car; and at first every
  mechanically…driven vehicle had to have a man walking in front with a red
  flag。
  There are risks in all means of transit; indeed; it may be said that the
  world is a dangerous place to live in。 It is true; too; that the demons of the
  air have taken their toll of life from the young; ambitious; and daring souls。
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  Many of the fatal accidents have been due to defective work in some part
  of the machinery; some to want of that complete knowledge and control
  that   only  experience   can   give;   some   even   to   want   of proper   care on   the
  part of the pilot。 If a pilot takes ordinary care in controlling his machine;
  and   if   the   mechanics   who   have   built   the   machine   have   done   their   work
  thoroughly; flying; nowadays; should be practically as safe as motoring。
  The   French Aero   Club   find;   from   a   mass   or   information   which   has
  been     compiled     for   them   with    great   care;   that  for   every   92;000     miles
  actually flown by aeroplane during the year 1912; only one fatal accident
  had   occurred。   This;   too;   in   France;   where   some   of   the   pilots   have   been
  notoriously reckless; and where far more airmen have been killed than in
  Britain。
  When we examine carefully the statistics dealing with fatal accidents
  in   aeroplanes   we   find   that   the   pioneers   of   flying;   such   as   the   famous
  Wright      Brothers;     Bleriot;   Farman;      Grahame…White;         and    so   on;   were
  comparatively   free   from   accidents。   No   doubt;   in   some   cases;   defective
  machines or treacherous wind gusts caused the craft to collapse in mid…air。
  But; as a rule; the first men to fly were careful to see that every part of the
  machine   was   in   order   before   going   up   in   it;   so   that   they  rarely  came   to
  grief  through   the   planes   not   being   sufficiently  tightened   up;  wires   being
  unduly strained; spars snapping; or bolts becoming loose。
  Mr。   Grahame…White   admirably   expresses   this   when   he   says:   〃It   is   a
  melancholy   reflection;   when   one   is   going   through   the   lists   of   aeroplane
  fatalities; to think how many might have been avoided。 Really the crux of
  the situation in this connection; as it appears to me; is this: the first men
  who flew; having had all the drudgery and danger of pioneer work; were
  extremely       careful    in   all   they   did;    and    this  fact   accounts      for   the
  comparatively        large    proportion     of  these    very    first  airmen    who     have
  survived。
  〃But the men who came next in the path of progress; having a machine
  ready…made; so to speak; and having nothing to do but to get into it and fly;
  did not; in many cases; exercise this saving grace of caution。 And thatat
  least in my viewis why a good many of what one may call the second
  flight of pilots came to grief。〃
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  CHAPTER XLVI
  Accidents and their Cause (Cont。)
  One of the main causes of aeroplane accidents has been the breakage
  of some part of the machine while in the air; due to defective work in its
  construction。 There is no doubt that air…craft are far more trustworthy now
  than   they   were   two   or   three   years   ago。   Builders   have   learned   from   the
  mistakes of their predecessors as well as profited by their own。 After every
  serious accident there is an official enquiry as to the probable cause of the
  accident;   and   information   of   inestimable   value   has   been   obtained   from
  such enquiries。
  The    Royal    Aero    Club    of  Great    Britain   has   a  special   〃Accidents
  Investigation Committee〃 whose duty it is to issue a full report on every
  fatal   accident   which   occurs   to   an   aeroplane   in   this   country。   As   a   rule;
  representatives of the committee visit the scene of the accident as soon as
  possible after its occurrence。 Eye…witnesses are called before them to give
  evidence of the disaster; the remains of the craft are carefully inspected in
  order to discover any flaw in its construction; evidence is taken as to the
  nature and velocity of the wind on the day of the accident; the approximate
  height   at   which   the   aviator   was   flying;   and;   in   fact;   everything   of   value
  that might bear on the cause of the accident。
  As a good example of an official report we may quote that issued by
  the Accidents Investigation Committee of the Royal Aero Club on the fatal
  accident which occurred to Colonel Cody and his passenger on 7th August;
  1913。
  〃The representatives of the Accidents Committee visited the scene of
  the   accident   within   a   few   hours   of   its   occurrence;   and   made   a   careful
  examination   of   the   wrecked   air…craft。   Evidence   was   also   taken   from   the
  eye…witnesses of the accident。
  〃From   the   consideration   of   the   evidence   the   Committee   regards   the
  following facts as clearly established:
  〃1。 The air…craft was built at Farnborough; by Mr。 S。 F。 Cody; in July;
  1913。
  〃2。 It was a new type; designed for the Daily Mail Hydroplane Race
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  round   Great   Britain;   but   at   the   time   of   the   accident   had   a   land   chassis
  instead of floats。
  〃3。 The wind at the time of the accident was about 10 miles per hour。
  〃4。 At about 200 feet from the ground the air…craft buckled up and fell
  to the ground。 A large piece of the lower left wing; composing the whole
  of the front spar between the fuselage and the first upright; was picked up
  at least 100 yards from the spot where the air…craft struck the ground。
  〃5。 The   fall   of the   air…craft   was broken   considerably  by  the   trees;   to
  such an extent that the portion of the fuselage surrounding the seats was
  practically undamaged。
  〃6。 Neither the pilot nor passenger was strapped in。
  〃0pinion。 The Committee is of opinion that the failure of the air…craft
  was due to inherent structural weakness。
  〃Since   that   portion   of   the   air…craft   in   which   the   pilot   and   passenger
  were seated was undamaged; it is conceivable their lives might have been
  saved had they been strapped in。〃
  This occasion was not the only time when the Accidents Investigation
  Committee recommended the advisability of the airman being strapped to
  his seat。 But many airmen absolutely refuse to wear a belt; just as many
  cyclists   cannot   bear   to   have   their   feet   made   fast   to   the   pedals   of