第 21 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  people;  he   can   only  be   attacked   with   difficulty。   For   this   reason   a   prince
  ought to have two fears; one from within; on account of his subjects; the
  other from without; on account of external powers。 From the latter he is
  defended by  being   well   armed   and   having   good   allies;  and   if   he is   well
  armed   he   will   have   good   friends;   and   affairs   will   always   remain   quiet
  within when they are quiet without; unless they should have been already
  disturbed by conspiracy; and even should affairs outside be disturbed; if he
  has carried out his preparations and has lived as I have said; as long as he
  does not   despair;  he   will   resist   every  attack;   as   I said   Nabis   the   Spartan
  did。
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  But concerning his subjects; when affairs outside are disturbed he has
  only to fear that they will conspire secretly; from which a prince can easily
  secure himself by avoiding being hated and despised; and by keeping the
  people     satisfied    with    him;   which     it  is  most    necessary      for  him    to
  accomplish;   as   I   said   above   at   length。 And   one   of   the   most   efficacious
  remedies that a prince can have against conspiracies is not to be hated and
  despised   by   the   people;   for   he   who   conspires   against   a   prince   always
  expects to please them by his removal; but when the conspirator can only
  look forward to offending them; he will not have the courage to take such
  a course; for the difficulties that confront a conspirator are infinite。 And as
  experience   shows;   many   have   been   the   conspiracies;   but   few   have   been
  successful; because he who conspires cannot act alone; nor can he take a
  companion except from those whom he believes to be malcontents; and as
  soon as you have opened your mind to a malcontent you have given him
  the material with which to content himself; for by denouncing you he can
  look for every advantage; so that; seeing the gain from this course to be
  assured; and seeing the other to be doubtful and full of dangers; he must be
  a very rare friend; or a thoroughly obstinate enemy of the prince; to keep
  faith with you。
  And; to reduce the matter into a small compass; I say that; on the side
  of    the   conspirator;     there   is  nothing     but   fear;  jealousy;     prospect    of
  punishment to terrify him; but on the side of the prince there is the majesty
  of   the   principality;   the   laws;   the   protection   of   friends   and   the   state   to
  defend him; so that; adding to all these things the popular goodwill; it is
  impossible that any one should be so rash as to conspire。 For whereas in
  general the conspirator has to fear before the execution of his plot; in this
  case he has also to fear the sequel to the crime; because on account of it he
  has the people for an enemy; and thus cannot hope for any escape。
  Endless examples could be given on this subject; but I will be content
  with    one;   brought     to  pass   within   the   memory      of  our   fathers。   Messer
  Annibale      Bentivogli;     who    was    prince   in  Bologna     (grandfather      of  the
  present     Annibale);    having     been   murdered      by   the  Canneschi;     who    had
  conspired      against    him;    not   one   of   his   family    survived     but   Messer
  Giovanni;'*'   who   was   in   childhood:   immediately   after   his   assassination
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  the   people   rose   and   murdered   all   the   Canneschi。   This   sprung   from   the
  popular goodwill which the house of Bentivogli enjoyed in those days in
  Bologna; which was so great that; although none remained there after the
  death of Annibale who was able to rule the state; the Bolognese; having
  information that there was one of the Bentivogli family in Florence; who
  up   to   that   time   had   been   considered   the   son   of   a   blacksmith;   sent   to
  Florence   for   him  and   gave   him  the   government   of   their   city;   and   it   was
  ruled     by   him    until   Messer     Giovanni      came     in   due   course     to  the
  government。
  '*' Giovanni   Bentivogli;  born in Bologna  1438; died   at   Milan   1508。
  He ruled Bologna from 1462 to 1506。 Machiavelli's strong condemnation
  of   conspiracies   may   get   its   edge   from   his   own   very   recent   experience
  (February 1513); when he had been arrested and tortured for his alleged
  complicity in the Boscoli conspiracy。
  For this reason I consider that a prince ought to reckon conspiracies of
  little account when his people hold him in esteem; but when it is hostile to
  him;    and   bears    hatred   towards     him;   he  ought    to  fear   everything     and
  everybody。   And   well…ordered   states   and   wise   princes   have   taken   every
  care not to drive the nobles to desperation; and to keep the people satisfied
  and contented; for this is one of the most important objects a prince can
  have。
  Among the best ordered and governed kingdoms of our times is France;
  and in it are found many good institutions on which depend the liberty and
  security of the king; of these the first is the parliament and its authority;
  because      he  who    founded     the   kingdom;     knowing      the  ambition     of  the
  nobility and their boldness; considered that a bit to their mouths would be
  necessary to hold them in; and; on the other side; knowing the hatred of
  the people; founded in fear; against the nobles; he wished to protect them;
  yet   he   was   not   anxious   for   this   to   be   the   particular   care   of   the   king;
  therefore; to take away the reproach which he would be liable to from the
  nobles   for   favouring   the   people;   and   from   the   people   for   favouring   the
  nobles; he set up an arbiter; who should be one who could beat down the
  great and favour the lesser without reproach to the king。 Neither could you
  have    a  better   or  a  more    prudent     arrangement;     or   a  greater   source    of
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  security     to  the   king   and   kingdom。      From     this  one   can    draw    another
  important conclusion; that princes ought to leave affairs of reproach to the
  management of others; and keep those of grace in their own hands。 And
  further; I consider that a prince ought to cherish the nobles; but not so as to
  make himself hated by the people。
  It   may   appear;   perhaps;   to   some   who   have   examined   the   lives   and
  deaths of the Roman emperors that many of them  would be an example
  contrary to my opinion; seeing that some of them lived nobly and showed
  great   qualities   of   soul;   nevertheless   they   have   lost   their   empire   or   have
  been     killed   by   subjects    who    have    conspired     against    them。    Wishing;
  therefore; to answer these objections; I will recall the characters of some
  of   the   emperors;   and   will   show   that   the   causes   of   their   ruin   were   not
  different to those alleged by me; at the same time I will only submit for
  consideration   those   things   that   are   noteworthy   to   him   who   studies   the
  affairs of those times。
  It seems to me sufficient to take all those emperors who succeeded to
  the empire from Marcus the philosopher down to Maximinus; they were
  Marcus   and   his   son   Commodus;   Pertinax;   Julian;   Severus   and   his   son
  Antoninus Caracalla; Macrinus; Heliogabalus; Alexander; and Maximinus。
  There is first to note that; whereas in other principalities the ambition
  of the nobles and the insolence of the people only have to be contended
  with; the Roman emperors had a third difficulty in having to put up with
  the cruelty and avarice of their soldiers; a matter so beset with difficulties
  that it was the ruin of many; for  it was   a hard thing   to give  satisfaction
  both to soldiers and people; because the people loved peace; and for this
  reason   they   loved     the   unaspiring    prince;   whilst   the   soldiers   loved    the
  warlike  prince   who   was   bold;   cruel;   and   rapacious;   which   qualities   they
  were quite willing he should exercise upon the people; so that they could
  get double pay and give vent to their own greed and cruelty。 Hence it arose
  that   those    emperors     were    always    overthrown      who;    either   by   birth  or
  training; had no great authority; and   most of them; especially those   who
  came     new    to  the   principality;    recognizing