第 22 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  came     new    to  the   principality;    recognizing     the   difficulty   of  these   two
  opposing humours; were inclined to give satisfaction to the soldiers; caring
  little about injuring the people。 Which course was necessary; because; as
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  princes cannot help being hated by someone; they ought; in the first place;
  to   avoid   being hated   by  every  one;  and   when  they  cannot   compass   this;
  they ought to endeavour with the utmost diligence to avoid the hatred of
  the most powerful。 Therefore;   those emperors   who   through   inexperience
  had need of special favour adhered more readily to the soldiers than to the
  people;      a   course    which     turned     out   advantageous        to   them     or   not;
  accordingly as the prince knew how to maintain authority over them。
  From these causes it arose that Marcus; Pertinax; and Alexander; being
  all men of modest life; lovers of justice; enemies to cruelty; humane; and
  benignant;   came   to   a   sad   end   except   Marcus;   he   alone   lived   and   died
  honoured; because he had succeeded to the throne by hereditary title; and
  owed nothing   either   to   the   soldiers   or   the   people;   and   afterwards;   being
  possessed of many virtues which made him respected; he always kept both
  orders in their places whilst he lived; and was neither hated nor despised。
  But Pertinax was created   emperor against the   wishes of the   soldiers;
  who;   being   accustomed   to   live   licentiously  under   Commodus;   could   not
  endure   the   honest   life   to   which   Pertinax   wished   to   reduce   them;   thus;
  having given cause for hatred; to which hatred there was added contempt
  for    his   old   age;    he   was    overthrown       at  the   very    beginning      of   his
  administration。 And here it should be noted that hatred is acquired as much
  by good works as by bad ones; therefore; as I said before; a prince wishing
  to   keep   his   state   is   very   often   forced   to   do   evil;   for   when   that   body   is
  corrupt whom you think you have need of to maintain yourselfit may be
  either the people or the soldiers or the noblesyou have to submit to its
  humours and to gratify them; and then good works will do you harm。
  But let us come to Alexander; who was a man of such great goodness;
  that   among   the   other   praises   which   are   accorded   him  is   this;   that   in   the
  fourteen   years   he   held   the   empire   no   one   was   ever   put   to   death   by  him
  unjudged;       nevertheless;     being    considered      effeminate      and    a  man    who
  allowed   himself   to   be   governed   by  his   mother;   he   became   despised;   the
  army conspired against him; and murdered him。
  Turning      now     to  the   opposite     characters     of   Commodus;         Severus;
  Antoninus   Caracalla;   and   Maximinus;   you   will   find   them   all   cruel   and
  rapacious men who; to satisfy their soldiers; did not hesitate to commit
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  every kind of iniquity against the people; and all; except Severus; came to
  a   bad   end;   but   in   Severus   there   was   so   much   valour   that;   keeping   the
  soldiers friendly; although the people were oppressed by him; he reigned
  successfully; for his valour made him so much admired in the sight of the
  soldiers and people that the latter were kept in a way astonished and awed
  and   the   former   respectful   and   satisfied。 And   because   the   actions   of   this
  man; as a new prince; were great; I wish to show briefly that he knew well
  how to counterfeit the fox and the lion; which natures; as I said above; it is
  necessary for a prince to imitate。
  Knowing   the   sloth   of   the   Emperor   Julian;   he   persuaded   the   army   in
  Sclavonia; of which he was captain; that it would be right to go to Rome
  and avenge the death of Pertinax; who had been killed by the praetorian
  soldiers; and under this pretext; without appearing to aspire to the throne;
  he moved the army on Rome; and reached Italy before it was known that
  he had started。  On his   arrival at Rome;  the Senate;  through fear;  elected
  him emperor and killed Julian。 After this there remained for Severus; who
  wished to make himself master of the whole empire; two difficulties; one
  in Asia; where Niger; head of the Asiatic army; had caused himself to be
  proclaimed emperor; the other in the west where Albinus was; who  also
  aspired to the throne。 And as he considered it dangerous to declare himself
  hostile to both; he decided to attack Niger and to deceive Albinus。 To the
  latter he wrote that; being elected emperor by the Senate; he was willing to
  share that dignity with him and sent him the title of Caesar; and; moreover;
  that   the   Senate    had   made     Albinus    his   colleague;    which    things    were
  accepted by Albinus as true。 But after Severus had conquered and killed
  Niger; and settled oriental affairs; he returned to Rome and complained to
  the Senate that Albinus; little recognizing the benefits that he had received
  from him; had by treachery sought to murder him; and for this ingratitude
  he was compelled to punish him。 Afterwards he sought him out in France;
  and    took   from    him   his   government      and   life。  He   who    will;  therefore;
  carefully examine the actions of this man will find him a most valiant lion
  and a most cunning fox; he will find him feared and respected by every
  one; and not hated by the army; and it need not be wondered at that he; a
  new   man;   was   able   to   hold    the   empire   so   well;   because   his   supreme
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  renown   always   protected   him   from   that   hatred   which   the   people   might
  have conceived against him for his violence。
  But    his   son   Antoninus       was   a   most    eminent     man;    and    had   very
  excellent qualities; which made him admirable in the sight of the people
  and acceptable to the soldiers; for he was a warlike man; most enduring of
  fatigue;   a   despiser   of   all   delicate   food   and   other   luxuries;   which   caused
  him to be beloved by the armies。 Nevertheless; his ferocity and cruelties
  were   so   great   and   so   unheard   of   that;   after   endless   single   murders;   he
  killed a large number of the people of Rome and all those of Alexandria。
  He   became   hated   by   the   whole   world;   and   also   feared   by   those   he   had
  around   him;  to   such   an   extent   that   he   was   murdered   in the   midst   of   his
  army   by   a   centurion。 And   here   it   must   be   noted   that   such…   like   deaths;
  which   are   deliberately   inflicted   with   a   resolved   and   desperate   courage;
  cannot be avoided by princes; because any one who does not fear to die
  can inflict them; but a prince may fear them the less because they are very
  rare; he has only to be careful not to do any grave injury to those whom he
  employs or has around him in the service of the state。 Antoninus had not
  taken this care; but had contumeliously killed a brother of that centurion;
  whom also he daily threatened; yet retained in his bodyguard; which; as it
  turned out; was a rash thing to do; and proved the emperor's ruin。
  But let us come to Commodus; to whom it should have been very easy
  to hold the empire; for; being the son of Marcus; he had inherited it; and he
  had only to follow in the footsteps of his father to please his people and
  soldiers;   but;   being   by   nature   cruel   and   brutal;   he   gave   himself   up   to
  amusing   the   soldiers   and   corrupting   them;   so   that   he   might   indulge   his
  rapacity upon the people; on the other hand; not maintaining his dignity;
  often descending to the theatre to compete with gladiators; and doing other
  vile things; little worthy of the imperial majesty; he fell into contempt with
  the soldiers; and being hated by one party and despised by the other; he
  was conspired against and was killed。
  It   remains    to  discuss   the    character    of  Maximinus。   He        was   a  very
  warlike     man;    and   the   armies;    being    disgusted    with    the  effeminacy   of
  Alexander;       of  whom      I  have    already    spoken;     killed   him    and    elected
  Maximinus to the throne。 This he did not possess for long; for two things
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  made him hat