pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　to　replace　them　with　a　second…best；　is
  due；　as　has　also　appeared　from　the　above　analysis；　to　the　course
  of　policy　（necessarily）　pursued　by　the　executive　officers　placed
  in　control　of　academic　affairs；　and　the　character　of　the　policy
  so　pursued　follows　unavoidably　from　the　dependence　of　the
  executive　on　a　businesslike　governing　board；　backed　by　a
  businesslike　popular　clamour；　on　the　one　hand；　and　from　his　being
  （necessarily）　vested；　in　effect；　with　arbitrary　power　of　use　and
  abuse　within　the　academic　community；　on　the　other　hand。　It
  follows；　therefore；　also　that　no　remedy　or　corrective　can　be
  contrived　that　will　have　anything　more　than　a　transient
  palliative　effect；　so　long　as　these　conditions　that　create　the
  difficulty　are　allowed　to　remain　in　force。
  All　of　which　points　unambiguously　to　the　only　line　of
  remedial　measures　that　can　be　worth　serious　consideration；　and　at
  the　same　time　it　carries　the　broad　implication　that　in　the
  present　state　of　popular　sentiment；　touching　these　matters　of
  control　and　administration；　any　effort　that　looks　to　reinstate
  the　universities　as　effectual　seminaries　of　learning　will
  necessarily　be　nugatory；　inasmuch　as　the　popular　sentiment　runs
  plainly　to　the　effect　that　magnitude；　arbitrary　control；　and
  businesslike　administration　is　the　only　sane　rule　to　be　followed
  in　any　human　enterprise。　So　that；　while　the　measures　called　for
  are　simple；　obvious；　and　effectual；　they　are　also　sure　to　be
  impracticable；　and　for　none　but　extraneous　reasons。
  While　it　still　remains　true　that　the　long…term　common　sense
  judgment　of　civilized　mankind　places　knowledge　above　business
  traffic；　as　an　end　to　be　sought；　yet　workday　habituation　under
  the　stress　of　competitive　business　has　induced　a　frame　of　mind
  that　will　tolerate　no　other　method　of　procedure；　and　no　rule　of
  life　that　does　not　approve　itself　as　a　faithful　travesty　of
  competitive　enterprise。　And　since　the　quest　of　learning　can　not
  be　carried　on　by　the　methods　or　with　the　apparatus　and　incidents
  of　competitive　business；　it　follows　that　the　only　remedial
  measures　that　hold　any　promise　of　rehabilitation　for　the　higher
  learning　in　the　universities　can　not　be　attempted　in　the　present
  state　of　public　sentiment。
  All　that　is　required　is　the　abolition　of　the　academic
  executive　and　of　the　governing　board。　Anything　short　of　this
  heroic　remedy　is　bound　to　fail；　because　the　evils　sought　to　be
  remedied　are　inherent　in　these　organs；　and　intrinsic　to　their
  functioning。
  Even　granting　the　possibility　of　making　such　a　move；　in　the
  face　of　popular　prejudice；　it　will　doubtless　seem　suicidal；　on
  first　thought；　to　take　so　radical　a　departure；　in　that　it　would
  be　held　to　cripple　the　whole　academic　organization　and　subvert
  the　scheme　of　things　academic；　for　good　and　all：　　which；　by　the
  way；　is　precisely　what　would　have　to　be　aimed　at；　since　it　is　the
  present　scheme　and　organization　that　unavoidably　work　the
  mischief；　and　since；　also　（as　touches　the　interest　of　the　higher
  learning）；　they　work　nothing　but　mischief。
  It　should　be　plain；　on　reflection；　to　any　one　familiar　with
  academic　matters　that　neither　of　these　official　bodies　serves　any
  useful　purpose　in　the　university；　in　so　far　as　bears　in　any　way
  on　the　pursuit　of　knowledge。　They　may　conceivably　both　be　useful
  for　some　other　purpose；　foreign　or　alien　to　the　quest　of
  learning；　but　within　the　lines　of　the　university's　legitimate
  interest　both　are　wholly　detrimental；　and　very　wastefully　so。
  They　are　needless；　except　to　take　care　of　needs　and　emergencies
  to　which　their　own　presence　gratuitously　gives　rise。　In　so　far　as
  these　needs　and　difficulties　that　require　executive　surveillance
  are　not　simply　and　flagrantly　factitious；　　as；　e。g。；　the
  onerous　duties　of　publicity　　they　are　altogether　such　needs　as
  arise　out　of　an　excessive　size　and　a　gratuitously　complex
  administrative　organization；　both　of　which　characteristics　of　the
  American　university　are　created　by　the　governing　boards　and　their
  executive　officers；　for　no　better　purpose　than　a　vainglorious
  self…complacency；　and　with　no　better　justification　than　an
  uncritical　prepossession　to　the　effect　that　large　size；　complex
  organization；　and　authoritative　control　necessarily　make　for
  efficiency；　whereas；　in　point　of　fact；　in　the　affairs　of　learning
  these　things　unavoidably　make　for　defeat。
  Objection　to　any　such　measure　of　abolition　is　not　to　be
  grounded　in　their　impracticability　or　their　inefficiency；
  supposing　only　that　they　could　be　carried　out　in　the　face　of　the
  prejudices　of　the　ignorant　and　of　the　selfishly　interested
  parties；　the　obstacles　to　any　such　move　lie　simply　in　the　popular
  prejudice　which　puts　implicit　faith　in　large；　complicated；　and
  formidable　organizations；　and　in　that　appetite　for　popular
  prestige　that　animates　the　class　of　persons　from　which　the　boards
  and　executives　are　drawn。
  This　unreasoning　faith　in　large　and　difficult　combinations
  has　been　induced　in　the　modern　community　by　its　experience　with
  the　large…scale　organization　of　the　mechanical　industries；　and
  still　more　particularly　by　the　convincing　pecuniary　efficiency　of
  large　capital；　authoritative　control；　and　devious　methods；　in
  modern　business　enterprise；　and　of　this　popular　prejudice　the
  boards　of　control　and　their　executive　officers　have　at　least
  their　full　share；　　indeed　they　owe　their　place　and　power　in
  great　part　to　their　being　animated　with　something　more　than　an
  equitable　share　of　this　popular　prepossession。　It　is　undeniable；
  indeed　it　is　a　matter　of　course；　that　so　long　as　the　university
  continues　to　be　made　up；　as　is　now　customary；　of　an　aggregation
  of　divers　and　sundry　schools；　colleges；　divisions；　etc。；　each　and
  several　of　which　are　engaged　in　a　more　or　less　overt　rivalry；　due
  to　their　being　so　aggregated　into　a　meaningless　coalition；　　so
  long　will　something　formidable　in　the　way　of　a　centralized　and
  arbitrary　government　be　indispensable　to　the　conduct　of　the
  university's　affairs；　but　it　is　likewise　patent　that　none　of　the
  several　constituent　schools；　colleges；　etc。；　are　any　the　better
  off；　in　respect　of　their　work；　for　being　so　aggregated　in　such　an
  arbitrary　collective　organization。　The　duties　of　the　executive
  aside　from　the　calls　of　publicity　and　self…aggrandizement　　are
  in　the　main　administrative　duties　that　have　to　do　with　the
  interstitial　adjustments　of　the　composite　establishment。　These
  resolve　themselves　into　a　co…ordinated　standardization　of　the
  several　constituent　schools　and　divisions；　on　a　mechanically
  specified　routine　and　scale；　which　commonly　does　violence　to　the
  efficient　working　of　all　these　diverse　and　incommensurable
  elements；　with　no　gain　at　any　point；　excepting　a　gain　in　the
  facility　of　control　control　for　control's　sake；　at　the　best。　Much
  of　the　official　apparatus　and　routine　office…work　is　taken　up
  with　this　futile　control。　Beyond　this；　and　requisite　to　the　due
  working　of　this　control　and　standardization；　there　is　the　control
  of　the　personnel　and　the　checking…up　of　their　task　work；　together
  with　the　disciplining　of　such　as　do　not　sufficiently　conform　to
  the　resulting　schedule　of　uniformity　and　mediocrity。
  These　duties　are；　all　and　several；　created　by　the　imposition
  of　a　central　control；　and　in　the　absence　of　such　control　the　need
  of　them　would　not　arise。　They　are　essentially　extraneous　to　the
  work　on　which　each　and　several　of　the　constituent　schools　are
  engaged；　and　their　only　substantial　effect　on　that　work　is　to
  force　it　into　certain　extraneous　formalities　of　routine　and
  accountancy；　such　as　to　divert　and　retard　the　work　in　hand。　So
  also　the　control　exercised　more　at　large　by　the　governing　board；
  except　in　so　far　as　it　is　the　mere　mischief…making　interference
  of　ignorant　outsiders；　it　is　likewise　directed　to　the　keeping　of
  a　balance　between　units　that　need　no　balancing　as　against　one
  another；　except　for　the　need　which　so　is　gratuitously　induced　by
  drawing　these　units　into　an　incongruous　coalition　under　the
  control　of　such　a　board；　whose　duties　of　office　in　this　way　arise
  wholly　out　of　the　creation　of　their　office。
  The　great　and　conspicuous　effect　of　abolishing　the　academic
  executive　and　the　governing　board　would　be；　of　course；　that　the
  university　organization　as　now　known　would　incontinently　fall　to
  pieces。　The　several　constituent　schools　would　fall　apart；　since
  nothing　holds　them　together　exc