current　state　and　drift　of　things；　it　may　not　be　out　of　place　to
  offer　some　consideration　of　remedial　measures　that　have　been
  attempted　or　projected；　or　that　may　be　conceived　to　promise　a　way
  out。
  As　is　well　known；　divers　and　various　remedial　measures　have
  been　advocated　by　critics　of　current　university　affairs；　from
  time　to　time；　and　it　is　equally　evident　on　reflection　that　these
  proposed　remedial　measures　are　with　fair　uniformity　directed　to
  the　treatment　of　symptoms；　　to　relieve　agitation　and　induce
  insensibility。　However；　there　is　at　least　one　line　of
  aggressively　remedial　action　that　is　being　tried；　though　not
  avowedly　as　a　measure　to　bring　the　universities　into　line　with
  their　legitimate　duties；　but　rather　with　a　view　to　relieving　them
  of　this　work　which　they　are　no　longer　fit　to　take　care　of。　It　is
  a　move　designed　to　shift　the　seat　of　the　higher　learning　out　of
  the　precincts　of　the　schools。　And　the　desperate　case　of　the
  universities；　considered　as　seminaries　of　science　and
  scholarship；　is　perhaps　more　forcibly　brought　in　evidence　by　what
  is　in　this　way　taking　place　in　the　affairs　of　learning　outside
  the　schools　than　by　their　visible　failure　to　take　care　of　their
  own　work。　This　evidence　goes　to　say　that　the　difficulties　of　the
  academic　situation　are　insurmountable；　any　rehabilitation　of　the
  universities　is　not　contemplated　in　this　latterday　movement。　And
  it　is　so　coming　to　be　recognized；　in　effect　though　tacitly；　that
  for　all　their　professions　of　a　single…minded　addiction　to　the
  pursuit　of　learning；　the　academic　establishments；　old　and　new；
  are　no　longer　competent　to　take　the　direction　of　affairs　in　this
  domain。
  So　it　is　that；　with　a　sanguine　hope　born　of　academic　defeat；
  there　have　latterly　been　founded　certain　large　establishments；　of
  the　nature　of　retreats　or　shelters　for　the　prosecution　of
  scientific　and　scholarly　inquiry　in　some　sort　of　academic
  quarantine；　detached　from　all　academic　affiliation　and　renouncing
  all　share　in　the　work　of　instruction。　In　point　of　form　the
  movement　is　not　altogether　new。　Foundations　of　a　similar　aim　have
  been　had　before。　But　the　magnitude　and　comprehensive　aims　of　the
  new　establishments　are　such　as　to　take　them　out　of　the　category
  of　auxiliaries　and　throw　them　into　the　lead。　They　are　assuming　to
  take　over　the　advance　in　science　and　scholarship；　which　has　by
  tradition　belonged　under　the　tutelage　of　the　academic　community。
  This　move　looks　like　a　desperate　surrender　of　the　university
  ideal。　The　reason　for　it　appears　to　be　the　proven　inability　of
  the　schools；　under　competitive　management；　to　take　care　of　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge。
  Seen　from　the　point　of　view　of　the　higher　learning；　this　new
  departure；　as　well　as　the　apparent　need　of　it；　is　to　be　rated　as
  untoward；　and　it　reflects　gravely　enough　on　the　untoward
  condition　into　which　the　rule　of　business　principles　is　leading
  the　American　schools。　Such　establishments　of　research　are
  capable；　in　any　competent　manner；　of　serving　only　one　of　the　two
  joint　purposes　necessary　to　be　served　by　any　effective　seminary
  of　the　higher　learning；　nor　can　they　at　all　adequately　serve　this
  one　purpose　to　the　best　advantage　when　so　disjoined　from　its
  indispensable　correlate。　By　and　large；　these　new　establishments
  are　good　for　research　only；　not　for　instruction；　or　at　the　best
  they　can　serve　this　latter　purpose　only　as　a　more　or　less
  Surreptitious　or　supererogatory　side　interest。　Should　they；　under
  pressure　of　instant　need；　turn　their　forces　to　instruction　as
  well　as　to　inquiry；　they　would　incontinently　find　themselves
  drifting　into　the　same　equivocal　position　as　the　universities；
  and　the　dry…rot　of　business　principles　and　competitive　gentility
  would　presently　consume　their　tissues　after　the　same　fashion。
  It　is；　to　all　appearance；　impracticable　and　inadvisable　to
  let　these　institutions　of　research　take　over　any　appreciable
  share　of　that　work　of　scientific　and　scholarly　instruction　that
  is　slipping　out　of　the　palsied　hands　of　the　universities；　so　as
  to　include　some　consistent　application　to　teaching　within　the
  scope　of　their　everyday　work。　And　this　cuts　out　of　their
  complement　of　ways　and　means　one　of　the　chief　aids　to　an
  effectual　pursuit　of　scientific　inquiry。　Only　in　the　most
  exceptional；　not　to　say　erratic；　cases　will　good；　consistent；
  sane　and　alert　scientific　work　be　carried　forward　through　a
  course　of　years　by　any　scientist　without　students；　without　loss
  or　blunting　of　that　intellectual　initiative　that　makes　the
  creative　scientist。　The　work　that　can　be　done　well　in　the　absence
  of　that　stimulus　and　safe…guarding　that　comes　of　the　give　and
  take　between　teacher　and　student　is　commonly　such　only　as　can
  without　deterioration　be　reduced　to　a　mechanically　systematized
  task…work；　　that　is　to　say；　such　as　can；　without　loss　or　gain；
  be　carried　on　under　the　auspices　of　a　businesslike　academic
  government。
  This；　imperatively　unavoidable；　absence　of　provision　for
  systematic　instruction　in　these　new…found　establishments　of
  research　means　also　that　they　and　the　work　which　they　have　in
  hand　are　not　self…perpetuating；　whether　individually　and　in
  detail　or　taken　in　the　large；　since　their　work　breeds　no
  generation　of　successors　to　the　current　body　of　scientists　on
  which　they　draw。　As　the　matter　stands　now；　they　depend　for　their
  personnel　on　the　past　output　of　scholars　and　scientists　from　the
  schools；　and　so　they　pick　up　and　turn　to　account　what　there　is
  ready　to　hand　in　that　way　　not　infrequently　men　for　whom　the
  universities　find　little　use；　as　being　refractory　material　not
  altogether　suitable　for　the　academic　purposes　of　notoriety。　When
  this　academic　source　fails；　as　it　presently　must；　with　the
  increasingly　efficient　application　of　business　principles　in　the
  universities；　there　should　seem　to　be　small　recourse　for
  establishments　of　this　class　except　to　run　into　the　sands　of
  intellectual　quietism　where　the　universities　have　gone　before。
  In　this　connection　it　will　be　interesting　to　note；　by　way　of
  parenthesis；　that　even　now　a　large　proportion　of　the　names　that
  appear　among　the　staff　of　these　institutions　of　research　are　not
  American；　and　that　even　the　American…born　among　them　are
  frequently　not　American…bred　in　respect　of　their　scientific
  training。　For　this　work；　recourse　is　necessarily　had　to　the
  output　of　men　trained　elsewhere　than　in　the　vocational　and
  athletic　establishments　of　the　American　universities；　or　to　that
  tapering　file　of　academic　men　who　are　still　imbued　with
  traditions　so　alien　to　the　current　scheme　of　conventions　as　to
  leave　them　not　amenable　to　the　dictates　of　business　principles。
  Meantime；　that　which　is　eating　the　heart　out　of　the　American
  seminaries　of　the　higher　learning　should　in　due　course　also　work
  out　the　like　sterilization　in　the　universities　of　Europe；　as　fast
  and　as　far　as　these　other　countries　also　come　fully　into　line
  with　the　same　pecuniary　ideals　that　are　making　the　outcome　in
  America。　And　evidence　is　not　wholly　wanting　that　the　like
  proclivity　to　pragmatic　and　popular　traffic　is　already　making　the
  way　of　the　academic　scientist　or　scholar　difficult　and
  distasteful　in　the　greater　schools　of　the　Old　World。　America　is
  by　no　means　in　a　unique　position　in　this　matter；　except　only　in
  respect　of　the　eminent　degree　in　which　this　community　is　pervaded
  by　business　principles；　and　its　consequent　faith　in　businesslike
  methods；　and　its　intolerance　of　any　other　than　pecuniary
  standards　of　value。　It　is　only　that　this　country　is　in　the　lead；
  the　other　peoples　of　Christendom　are　following　the　same　lead　as
  fast　as　their　incumbrance　of　archaic　usages　and　traditions　will
  admit；　and　the　generality　of　their　higher　schools　are　already
  beginning　to　show　the　effects　of　the　same　businesslike
  aspirations；　decoratively　coloured　with　feudalistic　archaisms　of
  patriotic　buncombe。
  As　will　be　seen　from　the　above　explication　of　details　and
  circumstances；　such　practicable　measures　as　have　hitherto　been
  offered　as　a　corrective　to　this　sterilization　of　the　universities
  by　business　principles；　amount　to　a　surrender　of　these
  institutions　to　the　enemies　of　learning；　and　a　proposal　to
  replace　them　with　an　imperfect　substitute。　That　it　should　so　be
  necessary　to　relinquish　the　universities；　as　a　means　to　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　to　replace　them　with　a　second…best；　is
  due；　as　has　also　appeared　from　the　above　analy