第 5 节
作者:沸点123      更新:2021-02-27 02:03      字数:9322
  development of concentration and interested attention in them。
  These are direct and somewhat clearly discernible results; comfortably
  placed in a near future。 There are other aims; reaching on into the far; slow
  modes of psychological growth; which must equally determine the choice
  of the story…teller's material and inform the spirit of her work。 These other;
  less immediately attainable ends; I wish now to consider in relation to the
  different types of story by which they are severally best served。
  First; unbidden claimant of attention; comes
  THE FAIRY STORY
  No one can think of a child and a story; without thinking of the fairy
  tale。 Is this; as some would have us believe; a bad habit of an ignorant old
  world? Or can the Fairy Tale justify her popularity with truly edifying and
  educational results? Is she a proper person to introduce here; and what are
  her titles to merit?
  Oh   dear;   yes!   Dame   Fairy  Tale   comes   bearing   a   magic   wand   in   her
  wrinkled old fingers; with one wave of which she summons up that very
  spirit of joy which it is our chief effort to invoke。 She raps smartly on the
  door; and open sesames echo to every imagination。 Her red… heeled shoes
  twinkle     down     an   endless   lane   of   adventures;     and   every    real  child's
  footsteps   quicken   after。   She   is   the   natural;   own   great…   grandmother   of
  every child in the world; and her pocketfuls of treasures are his by right of
  inheritance。   Shut   her   out;   and   you   truly   rob   the   children   of   something
  which is   theirs;   something   marking   their   constant   kinship   with the   race…
  children of the past; and adapted to their needs as it was to those of the
  generation of long ago! If there were no other criterion at all; it would be
  enough that the children love the fairy tale; we give them fairy stories; first;
  because they like them。 But that by no means lessens the importance of the
  fact that fairy tales are also good for them。
  How good? In various ways。 First; perhaps; in their supreme power of
  presenting truth through the guise of images。 This is the way the race…child
  took toward wisdom; and it is the way each child's individual instinct takes;
  after   him。   Elemental   truths   of   moral   law   and   general   types   of   human
  experience are presented in the fairy tale; in the poetry of their images; and
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  although the child is aware only of the image at the time; the truth enters
  with it and becomes a part of his individual experience; to be recognised in
  its relations at a later stage。 Every truth and type so given broadens and
  deepens the capacity of the child's inner life; and adds an element to the
  store from which he draws his moral inferences。
  The   most   familiar   instance   of   a   moral   truth   conveyed   under   a   fairy…
  story image is probably the story of the pure…hearted and loving girl whose
  lips were touched with the wonderful power of dropping jewels with every
  spoken word; while her stepsister; whose heart was infested with malice
  and evil desires; let ugly toads fall from her mouth whenever she spoke。 I
  mention the old tale because there is probably no one of my readers who
  has not heard it in childhood; and because there are undoubtedly many to
  whose      mind     it  has   often   recurred     in  later   life  as   a  sadly    perfect
  presentment of the fact that 〃out of the abundance of the heart the mouth
  speaketh。〃 That story has entered into the forming consciousness of many
  of us; with its implications of the inevitable result of visible evil from evil
  in the heart; and its revelation of the loathsomeness of evil itself。
  And no less truly than this story has served to many as an embodiment
  of   moral   law   has   another   household   tale   stood   for   a   type   of   common
  experience。   How   much   the   poorer   should   we   be;   mentally;   without   our
  early prophecy of the 〃ugly ducklings〃 we are to meet later in life!those
  awkward   offspring   of   our   little   human   duckyard   who   are   mostly   well
  kicked and buffeted about; for that very length of limb and breadth of back
  which   needs   must   be;   to   support   swan's   wings。   The   story   of   the   ugly
  duckling is much truer than many a bald statement of fact。 The English…
  speaking world bears witness to its verity in constant use of the title as an
  identifying   phrase:   〃It   is   the   old   story  of   the  ugly  duckling;〃   we   say;   or
  〃He has turned out a real ugly duckling。〃 And we know that our hearers
  understand the whole situation。
  The consideration of such familiar types and expressions as that of the
  ugly   duckling   suggests   immediately   another   good   reason   for   giving   the
  child his due of fairy lore。 The reason is that to omit it is to deprive him of
  one important element in the full appreciation of mature literature。 If one
  thinks of it; one sees that nearly all adult literature is made by people who;
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  in their beginnings; were bred on the wonder tale。 Whether he will or no;
  the    grown…up      author   must    incorporate     into   his   work    the  tendencies;
  memories; kinds of feeling which were his in childhood。 The literature of
  maturity     is;  naturally;   permeated      by  the   influence    of  the   literature   of
  childhood。   Sometimes   it   is   apparent   merely   in   the   use   of   a   name;      as
  suggestive   of   certain   kinds   of   experience;   such   are   the   recurrences   of
  reference to the Cinderella story。 Sometimes it is an allusion which has its
  strength in long association of certain qualities with certain characters in
  fairydomlike the slyness of Brother Fox; and the cruelty of Brother Wolf。
  Sometimes the association of ideas lies below the surface; drawing from
  the hidden wells of poetic illusion which are sunk in childhood。 The man
  or woman whose infancy was nourished exclusively on tales adapted from
  science…made…   easy;   or   from   biographies   of   good   men   and   great;   must
  remain blind to these beauties of literature。 He may look up the allusion;
  or identify the reference; but when that is done he is but richer by a fact or
  two; there is no remembered thrill in it for him; no savour in his memory;
  no suggestion to his imagination; and these are precisely the things which
  really   count。   Leaving   out   the   fairy   element   is   a   loss   to   literary   culture
  much as would be the omission of the Bible or of Shakespeare。 Just as all
  adult literature is permeated by the influence of these; familiar in youth; so
  in less degree is it transfused with the subtle reminiscences of childhood's
  commerce with the wonder world。
  To turn now from the inner to the outer aspects of the old…time tale is
  to meet another cause of its value to children。 This is the value of its style。
  Simplicity; directness;  and   virility  characterise the   classic   fairy  tales   and
  the   most   memorable   relics   of   folklore。   And   these   are   three   of   the   very
  qualities which are most seriously lacking in much of the new writing for
  children; and which are always necessary elements in the culture of taste。
  Fairy stories are not all well told; but the best fairy stories are supremely
  well    told。   And    most    folk…tales   have    a   movement;      a   sweep;    and   an
  unaffectedness which make them splendid foundations for taste in style。
  For this; and for poetic presentation of truths in easily assimilated form;
  and because it gives joyous stimulus to the imagination; and is necessary
  to full appreciation of adult literature; we may freely use the wonder tale。
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  Closely related to; sometimes identical with; the fairy tale is the old;
  old source of children's love and laughter;
  THE NONSENSE TALE
  Under    this  head    I  wish   to  include   all  the  merely    funny    tales  of
  childhood;   embracing   the   cumulative   stories   like   that   of   the   old   woman
  and the pig which would not go over the stile。 They all have a specific use
  and benefit; and are worth the repetition children demand for them。 Their
  value    lies;  of  course;   in  the   tonic  and   relaxing    properties    of  humour。
  Nowhere is that property more welcome or needed than in the schoolroom。
  It does us all good to laugh