第 3 节
作者:沸点123      更新:2021-02-27 02:03      字数:9320
  accretions   of   years   of   fairyland…   dwelling   and   nonsense…sharing;these
  cannot      understand      the   perplexity     of  one    to  whom      the   gift   and   the
  opportunity       have    not   〃come     natural。〃    But    there   are   many     who     can
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  understand it; personally and all too well。 To these; the teachers who have
  not   a   knack   for   story…   telling;   who   feel   as   shy   as   their   own   youngest
  scholar at the thought of it; who do not know where the good stories are;
  or   which   ones   are   easy   to   tell;   it   is   my   earnest   hope   that   the   following
  pages will bring something definite and practical in the way of suggestion
  and reference。
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO
  CHILDREN
  CHAPTER I
  THE PURPOSE OF STORY…TELLING IN SCHOOL
  Let    us  first  consider    together    the   primary    matter    of  the   AIM    in
  educational   story…telling。   On   our   conception   of   this   must   depend   very
  largely  all   decisions   as   to   choice   and   method;   and  nothing   in   the   whole
  field of discussion is more vital than a just and sensible notion of this first
  point。 What shall we attempt to accomplish by stories in the schoolroom?
  What can we reasonably expect to accomplish? And what; of this; is best
  accomplished by this means and no other?
  These are questions which become the more interesting and practical
  because   the   recent   access   of   enthusiasm   for   stories   in   education   has   led
  many  people   to   claim  very   wide   and   very  vaguely  outlined   territory   for
  their   possession;   and   often   to   lay   heaviest   stress   on   their   least   essential
  functions。 The most important instance of this is the fervour with which
  many   compilers   of   stories   for   school   have   directed   their   efforts   solely
  toward   the   ration   of   natural   phenomena。   Geology;   zoology;   botany;   and
  even   physics   are   taught   by   means   of   more   or   less   happily   constructed
  narratives     based    on  the   simpler    facts  of   these   sciences。   Kindergarten
  teachers   are   familiar   with   such   narratives:   the   little   stories   of   chrysalis…
  breaking; flower…growth; and the like。 Now this is a perfectly proper and
  practicable aim; but it is not a primary one。 Others; to which at best this is
  but secondary; should have first place and receive greatest attention。 What
  is   a   story;   essentially?   Is   it   a   textbook   of   science;   an   appendix   to   the
  geography; an introduction to the primer of history? Of course it is not。 A
  story is essentially and primarily a work of art; and its chief function must
  be   sought   in   the   line   of   the   uses   of   art。   Just   as   the   drama   is   capable   of
  secondary   uses;   yet   fails   abjectly   to   realise   its   purpose   when   those   are
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  substituted for its real significance as a work of art; so does the story lend
  itself   to   subsidiary   purposes;   but   claims   first   and   most   strongly   to   be
  recognised in its real significance as a work of art。 Since the drama deals
  with    life  in   all  its  parts;  it  can   exemplify     sociological     theory;    it  can
  illustrate   economic   principle;   it   can   even   picture   politics;   but   the   drama
  which does these things only; has no breath of its real life in its being; and
  dies when the wind of popular tendency veers from its direction。 So; you
  can teach a child interesting facts about bees and butterflies by telling him
  certain   stories;   and   you   can   open   his   eyes   to   colours   and   processes   in
  nature   by  telling   certain   others;   but   unless   you   do   something   more   than
  that and before that; you are as one who should use the Venus of Milo for
  a demonstration in anatomy。
  The message of the story is the message of beauty; as effective as that
  message in marble   or paint。  Its part in the economy  of life is TO  GIVE
  JOY。 And the purpose and working of the joy is found in that quickening
  of the spirit which answers every perception of the truly beautiful in the
  arts of man。 To give joy; in and through the joy to stir and feed the life of
  the spirit: is not this the legitimate function of the story in education?
  Because I believe it to be such; not because I ignore the value of other
  uses;   I   venture   to   push   aside   all   aims   which   seem   secondary   to   this   for
  later    mention      under    specific    heads。     Here    in   the   beginning      of   our
  consideration I wish to emphasise this element alone。 A story is a work of
  art。 Its greatest use to the child is in the everlasting appeal of beauty by
  which the soul of man is constantly pricked to new hungers; quickened to
  new perceptions and so given desire to grow。
  The obvious practical bearing of this is that story…telling is first of all
  an    art  of  entertainment;       like  the   stage;   its  immediate      purpose     is  the
  pleasure of the hearer;his pleasure; not his instruction; first。
  Now the story…teller who has given the listening children such pleasure
  as I mean may or may not have added a fact to the content of their minds;
  she has inevitably added something to the vital powers of their souls。 She
  has given a wholesome exercise to the emotional muscles of the spirit; has
  opened   up   new       windows   to   the   imagination;   and   added   some   line         or
  colour to the ideal of life and art which is always taking form in the heart
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  HOW TO TELL STORIES TO CHILDREN AND SOME STORIES TO TELL
  of a child。 She has; in short; accomplished the one greatest aim of story…
  telling;to     enlarge     and    enrich    the    child's   spiritual    experience;      and
  stimulate healthy reaction upon it。 Of course this result cannot be seen and
  proved as easily and early as can the apprehension of a fact。 The most one
  can hope to recognise is its promise; and this is found in the tokens of that
  genuine pleasure which is itself the means of accomplishment。 It is; then;
  the signs of right pleasure which the story…teller must look to for her guide;
  and which it must be her immediate aim to evoke。 As for the recognition
  of the signs;no one who has ever seen the delight of a real child over a
  real story can fail to know the signals when given; or flatter himself into
  belief in them when absent。
  Intimately       connected      with     the   enjoyment       given     are    two    very
  practically beneficial results which the story…teller may hope to obtain; and
  at   least   one   of   which   will   be   a   kind   of   reward   to   herself。   The   first   is   a
  relaxation of the tense schoolroom atmosphere; valuable for its refreshing
  recreative power。 The second result; or aim; is not so obvious; but is even
  more desirable; it is this: story…telling is at once one of the simplest and
  quickest      ways    of   establishing     a   happy    relation    between      teacher    and
  children;   and   one of   the   most   effective   methods   of   forming   the habit   of
  fixed attention in the latter。
  If   you   have   never   seen   an   indifferent   child   aroused   or   a   hostile   one
  conquered to affection by a beguiling tale; you can hardly appreciate the
  truth of the first statement; but nothing is more familiar in the story…teller's
  experience。        An    amusing;      butto     metouching        experience       recently
  reaffirmed      in   my    mind    this   power     of  the   story   to  establish     friendly
  relations。
  My   three…year…old   niece;   who   had   not   seen   me   since   her   babyhood;
  being told that Aunt Sara was coming to visit her; somehow confused the
  expected guest with   a more   familiar aunt;  my sister。 At sight   of me;  her
  rush    of   welcome      relapsed    into   a  puzzled     and   hurt   withdrawal;      which
  yielded   to   no   explanations   or   proffers   of   affection。 All   the   first   day   she
  followed me about at a wistful distance; watching me as if I might at any
  moment   turn   into   the   well…known   and   beloved   relative   I   ought   to   have