suppressed　it　with　terrible　severity　and　sent　two　of　his　men
  on　shore　where　they　were　left　to　repent　of　their　sins　at　leisure。
  At　last　the　storms　quieted　down；　the　channel　broadened；　and
  Magellan　entered　a　new　ocean。　Its　waves　were　quiet　and
  placid。　He　called　it　the　Peaceful　Sea；　the　Mare　Pacifico。
  Then　he　continued　in　a　western　direction。　He　sailed　for
  ninety…eight　days　without　seeing　land。　His　people　almost
  perished　from　hunger　and　thirst　and　ate　the　rats　that　infested
  the　ships；　and　when　these　were　all　gone　they　chewed　pieces　of
  sail　to　still　their　gnawing　hunger。
  In　March　of　the　year　1521　they　saw　land。　Magellan　called
  it　the　land　of　the　Ladrones　（which　means　robbers）　because　the
  natives　stole　everything　they　could　lay　hands　on。　Then　further
  westward　to　the　Spice　Islands！
  Again　land　was　sighted。　A　group　of　lonely　islands。　Magellan
  called　them　the　Philippines；　after　Philip；　the　son　of　his
  master　Charles　V；　the　Philip　II　of　unpleasant　historical　memory。
  At　first　Magellan　was　well　received；　but　when　he　used
  the　guns　of　his　ships　to　make　Christian　converts　he　was　killed
  by　the　aborigines；　together　with　a　number　of　his　captains　and
  sailors。　The　survivors　burned　one　of　the　three　remaining　ships
  and　continued　their　voyage。　They　found　the　Moluccas；　the
  famous　Spice　Islands；　they　sighted　Borneo　and　reached　Tidor。
  There；　one　of　the　two　ships；　too　leaky　to　be　of　further　use；
  remained　behind　with　her　crew。　The　‘‘Vittoria；''　under　Sebastian
  del　Cano；　crossed　the　Indian　Ocean；　missed　seeing　the
  northern　coast　of　Australia　（which　was　not　discovered　until
  the　first　half　of　the　seventeenth　century　when　ships　of　the
  Dutch　East　India　Company　explored　this　flat　and　inhospitable
  land）；　and　after　great　hardships　reached　Spain。
  This　was　the　most　notable　of　all　voyages。　It　had　taken
  three　years。　It　had　been　accomplished　at　a　great　cost　both　of
  men　and　money。　But　it　had　established　the　fact　that　the　earth
  was　round　and　that　the　new　lands　discovered　by　Columbus　were
  not　a　part　of　the　Indies　but　a　separate　continent。　From　that
  time　on；　Spain　and　Portugal　devoted　all　their　energies　to　the
  development　of　their　Indian　and　American　trade。　To　prevent
  an　armed　conflict　between　the　rivals；　Pope　Alexander　VI　（the
  only　avowed　heathen　who　was　ever　elected　to　this　most　holy
  office）　had　obligingly　divided　the　world　into　two　equal　parts
  by　a　line　of　demarcation　which　followed　the　50th　degree　of
  longitude　west　of　Greenwich；　the　so…called　division　of　Tordesillas
  of　1494。　The　Portuguese　were　to　establish　their　colonies
  to　the　east　of　this　line；　the　Spaniards　were　to　have　theirs
  to　the　west。　This　accounts　for　the　fact　that　the　entire　American
  continent　with　the　exception　of　Brazil　became　Spanish　and
  that　all　of　the　Indies　and　most　of　Africa　became　Portuguese
  until　the　English　and　the　Dutch　colonists　（who　had　no　respect
  for　Papal　decisions）　took　these　possessions　away　in　the　seventeenth
  and　eighteenth　centuries。
  When　news　of　the　discovery　of　Columbus　reached　the
  Rialto　of　Venice；　the　Wall　street　of　the　Middle　Ages；　there
  was　a　terrible　panic。　Stocks　and　bonds　went　down　40　and　50
  percent。　After　a　short　while；　when　it　appeared　that　Columbus
  had　failed　to　find　the　road　to　Cathay；　the　Venetian　merchants
  recovered　from　their　fright。　But　the　voyages　of　da　Gama　and
  Magellan　proved　the　practical　possibilities　of　an　eastern　water…
  route　to　the　Indies。　Then　the　rulers　of　Genoa　and　Venice；
  the　two　great　commercial　centres　of　the　Middle　Ages　and　the
  Renaissance；　began　to　be　sorry　that　they　had　refused　to　listen
  to　Columbus。　But　it　was　too　late。　Their　Mediterranean　became
  an　inland　sea。　The　overland　trade　to　the　Indies　and
  China　dwindled　to　insignificant　proportions。　The　old　days
  of　Italian　glory　were　gone。　The　Atlantic　became　the　new
  centre　of　commerce　and　therefore　the　centre　of　civilisation。
  It　has　remained　so　ever　since。
  See　how　strangely　civilisation　has　progressed　since　those
  early　days；　fifty　centuries　before；　when　the　inhabitants　of　the
  Valley　of　the　Nile　began　to　keep　a　written　record　of　history；
  From　the　river　Nile；　it　went　to　Mesopotamia；　the　land　between
  the　rivers。　Then　came　the　turn　of　Crete　and　Greece　and
  Rome。　An　inland　sea　became　the　centre　of　trade　and　the　cities
  along　the　Mediterranean　were　the　home　of　art　and　science　and
  philosophy　and　learning。　In　the　sixteenth　century　it　moved
  westward　once　more　and　made　the　countries　that　border　upon
  the　Atlantic　become　the　masters　of　the　earth。
  There　are　those　who　say　that　the　world　war　and　the　suicide
  of　the　great　European　nations　has　greatly　diminished　the
  importance　of　the　Atlantic　Ocean。　They　expect　to　see　civilisation
  cross　the　American　continent　and　find　a　new　home　in　the
  Pacific。　But　I　doubt　this。
  The　westward　trip　was　accompanied　by　a　steady　increase　in
  the　size　of　ships　and　a　broadening　of　the　knowledge　of　the　navigators。
  The　flat…bottomed　vessels　of　the　Nile　and　the　Euphrates
  were　replaced　by　the　sailing　vessels　of　the　Phoenicians；　the
  AEgeans；　the　Greeks；　the　Carthaginians　and　the　Romans。
  These　in　turn　were　discarded　for　the　square　rigged　vessels　of
  the　Portuguese　and　the　Spaniards。　And　the　latter　were　driven
  from　the　ocean　by　the　full…rigged　craft　of　the　English　and　the
  Dutch。
  At　present；　however；　civilisation　no　longer　depends　upon
  ships。　Aircraft　has　taken　and　will　continue　to　take　the　place
  of　the　sailing　vessel　and　the　steamer。　The　next　centre　of
  civilisation　will　depend　upon　the　development　of　aircraft　and
  water　power。　And　the　sea　once　more　shall　be　the　undisturbed
  home　of　the　little　fishes；　who　once　upon　a　time　shared　their　deep
  residence　with　the　earliest　ancestors　of　the　human　race。
  BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS
  CONCERNING　BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS
  THE　discoveries　of　the　Portuguese　and　the　Spaniards　had
  brought　the　Christians　of　western　Europe　into　close　contact
  with　the　people　of　India　and　of　China。　They　knew　of　course
  that　Christianity　was　not　the　only　religion　on　this　earth。　There
  were　the　Mohammedans　and　the　heathenish　tribes　of　northern
  Africa　who　worshipped　sticks　and　stones　and　dead　trees。　But
  in　India　and　in　China　the　Christian　conquerors　found　new
  millions　who　had　never　heard　of　Christ　and　who　did　not　want
  to　hear　of　Him；　because　they　thought　their　own　religion；　which
  was　thousands　of　years　old；　much　better　than　that　of　the　West。
  As　this　is　a　story　of　mankind　and　not　an　exclusive　history　of
  the　people　of　Europe　and　our　western　hemisphere；　you　ought
  to　know　something　of　two　men　whose　teaching　and　whose
  example　continue　to　influence　the　actions　and　the　thoughts
  of　the　majority　of　our　fellow…travellers　on　this　earth。
  In　India；　Buddha　was　recognised　as　the　great　religious
  teacher。　His　history　is　an　interesting　one。　He　was　born　in
  the　Sixth　Century　before　the　birth　of　Christ；　within　sight　of　the
  mighty　Himalaya　Mountains；　where　four　hundred　years　before
  Zarathustra　（or　Zoroaster）；　the　first　of　the　great　leaders　of
  the　Aryan　race　（the　name　which　the　Eastern　branch　of　the
  Indo…European　race　had　given　to　itself）；　had　taught　his　people
  to　regard　life　as　a　continuous　struggle　between　Ahriman；
  and　Ormuzd；　the　Gods　of　Evil　and　Good。　Buddha's
  father　was　Suddhodana；　a　mighty　chief　among　the　tribe　of　the
  Sakiyas。　His　mother；　Maha　Maya；　was　the　daughter　of　a
  neighbouring　king。　She　had　been　married　when　she　was　a　very
  young　girl。　But　many　moons　had　passed　beyond　the　distant
  ridge　of　hills　and　still　her　husband　was　without　an　heir　who
  should　rule　his　lands　after　him。　At　last；　when　she　was　fifty
  years　old；　her　day　came　and　she　went　forth　that　she　might　be
  among　her　own　people　when　her　baby　should　come　into　this
  world。
  It　was　a　long　trip　to　the　land　of　the　Koliyans；　where　Maha
  Maya　had　spent　her　earliest　years。　One　night　she　was　resting
  among　the　cool　trees　of　the　garden　of　Lumbini。　There　her　son
  was　born。　He　was　given　the　name　of　Siddhartha；　but　we　know
  him　as　Buddha；　which　means　the　Enlightened　One。
  In　due　time；　Siddhartha　grew　up　to　be　a　handsome　young
  prince　and　when　he　was　nineteen　years　old；　he　was　married　to
  his　cousin　Yasodhara。　During　the　next　ten　years　he　lived
  far　away　from　all　pain　and　all　suffering；　behind　the　protecting
  walls　of　the　royal　palace；　awaiting　the　day　when　he　should
  succeed　his　father　as　King　of　the　Sakiyas。
  But　it　happened　that　when　he　was　thirty　years　old；　he　drove
  outside　of　the　palace　gates　and　saw　a　man　who　was　old　and
  worn　out　with　labour　and　whose　weak　limbs　could　hardly　carry
  the　burden　of　life。　Siddhartha　pointed　him　out　to　his　coachman；
  Channa；　but　Channa　answered　that　there　were　lots　of
  poor　people　in　this　world　and　that　one　more　or　less　did　not
  matter。　The　young　prince　was　very　sad　but　he　did　not　say
  anything　and　went　back　to　live　with　his　wife　and　his　father
  and　his　mother　and　tried　to　be　happy。　A　little　while　later　he
  left　the　palace　a　second　time。　His　carriage　met　a　man　who
  su