第 2 节
作者:无边的寒冷      更新:2021-02-20 04:47      字数:9322
  series of uniform prominence。So far as known the subject of geographical
  distribution     is  considered;     but   it  will  be   seen    how    meager     is  our
  knowledge       of   this   subject。It   is  to   be   hoped    that   this   preliminary
  presentation will provoke exploration and study; and that species will not
  only   be   collected;   but   all   the   facts   of   their   distribution   noted。It   is   more
  than   probable   that   our   present   notion   of   species   in   this   group   must   be
  much modified; and doubtless many forms are at present kept specifically
  distinct which will prove to be but different phases of a single species。
  In the matter of generic delimitation we are in still greater uncertainty;
  and several generic lines at present recognized must be regarded as purely
  arbitrary;   a   fact   which   must   become   still   more   evident   with   additional
  material。The      whole     group    is  to  be  regarded     as  made     up   of  poorly
  differentiated     forms    and   only   long   observation     under    cultivation    can
  determine   the   possibilities   of   specific   variation   under   the   influence   of
  environment; of age; of inherent tendencies。For instance; that these plants
  change in form and in spine characters with increasing age and after they
  have begun to flower can not be doubted; but what described forms have
  thus been separated in descriptions can only be guessed at。
  John    M。   Coulter。Lake      Forest   University;Lake      Forest;   Ill。;  January;
  1891。
  CACTUS; ANHALONIUM; AND
  LOPHOPHORA。
  1。 CACTUS Linn。 Sp。 Pl。 466 (1753); restricted。
  MAMILLARIA Haw。 Synop。 177 (1812); not Stackh。 (1809)。
  Usually globose to oblong plants (simple; branching or cespitose); but
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  North American Species of Cactus
  sometimes       slender…cylindrical;      covered     with    spine…bearing      tubercles:
  flower…bearing       areola    axillary   (with   reference     to  tubercles);    entirely
  separate     from    the  terminal    spine…bearing      areola;   although    sometimes
  (Coryphantha) connected with it by a woolly groove along the upper face
  of   the  tubercle:    ovary   naked:    seeds   smooth    or  pitted:   embryo     usually
  straight;    with   short  cotyledons。     Originally   defined     by   Linnaeus    in  his
  Systema; ed。 l (1735)。
  The   Linnaean   genus   Cactus   of   1753   included   22   species   and   was
  coextensive with the present order。In 1812 the species were separated by
  Haworth       into   five  genera;    the   original    generic    name    Cactus     being
  discarded。Among these species C。 mamillaris seems to have stood as the
  type;    not  only   of   the  Linnaean     genus    Cactus;   but   also   of  Haworth's
  Mamillaria; and as such should retain the original generic name。Besides;
  Mamillaria      was   used    as  the  generic    name    of  an  alga   in  1809。Cactus
  mamillaris L。 is the West Indian Mamillaria simplex Haw。
  From one point of view the two sections of the genus (Eumamillaria
  and     Coryphantha)       deserve    generic    separation;     for   the  character     of
  grooveless and grooved tubercles seems to hold without exception; and the
  sections   are    separated   with    more   certainty   than   are   certain   species   of
  Coryphantha         and    Echinocactus。If       genera     are    simply     groups      of
  convenience the separation should be made。
  I。 EUMAMILLARIA。Flowers from the axils of the older or full…grown
  tubercles   (hence   usually   appearing   lateral);   mostly   small;   and   generally
  from whitish to pink or red: tubercles never grooved: fruit almost always
  clavate and scarlet。
  A。 Tubercles more or less quadrangular。
  *Central spines not hooked。 +More than one central spine。
  1。 Cactus alternatus; sp。 nov。
  Subglobose; 10 cm。 in diameter; simple: tubercles long (15 to 20 mm。)
  and spreading; with woolly axils: radial spines 3; rigid and recurved; 5 mm。
  long; central spines 3; very stout and much recurved; 20 to 30 mm。 long;
  alternating with the radials; all ashy colored and often twisted: flower and
  fruit unknown。Type in Herb。 Coulter。
  The  few  spines;  with   the very  short   radials   alternating   with   the  very
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  North American Species of Cactus
  long and   stout   centrals;  furnish   a striking   character。  Occasionally  one   of
  the centrals is wanting。
  2。Cactus acanthophlegmus (Lehm。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 260
  (1891)。
  Mamillaria acanthophlegma Lehm。 Delect。 Sem。 Hamb。 (1833)
  Subglobose with a deeply depressed vertex; or becoming cylindrical; 3
  to   8。5   cm。    in  diameter:     tubercles     sharply    quadrangular…conical;         with
  densely woolly axils: radial spines 15 to 30; white; very slender (bristly)
  and radiant; sometimes coarse capillary; 4 to 7 mm。 long; interwoven with
  those   of   neighboring   tubercles   and   so   covering   the   whole   plant;   central
  spines 2   to   4; robust   and  straight; erect or divergent; whitish or   reddish;
  black…tipped; 5 to 6。5 mm。 long: flowers reddish; 1 to 2 cm。 broad: fruit
  unknown。Type unknown。
  From Coahuila and San Luis Potosi to Oaxaca。Fl。 May。
  Specimens   examined:   Coahuila   (Poselger   of   1856;   Pringle   3116   of
  1890): San Luis Potosi (Eschanzier of 1891)。
  The   central   spines   are   quite   variable   in   number   and   arrangement。   In
  case   there   are   two   they   are   vertically   placed   and   are   either   erect   and
  parallel   or   widely   divergent。Even   three   centrals   may   occur   in   the   same
  vertical   plane;   but   more   usually   the   three   or   four   centrals   are   arranged
  about a center and are widely divergent。The tubercles are apt to persist and
  to become naked and corky with age。The axillary wool and the capillary
  radials   are   also   apt   to   be   more   or   less   persistent;   thus   giving   the   whole
  plant a woolly appearance。
  3。Cactus brandegei; sp。 nov。
  Cylindrical: tubercles sharply quadrangular…conical; 6 to 8 mm。 long;
  with    densely     woolly     axils:  radial   spines    about    10;   slender    and   rigid;
  whitish   with   dusky   tips;   spreading   but   not   radiant;   7   to   10   mm。   long;
  central     spines    3   or   4;   stouter    and    slightly    longer;    erect…spreading
  (sometimes        slightly   curved);    reddish…brown        below;    becoming      blackish
  above:      flowers      small     (scarcely     longer     than    the    tubercle?):     fruit
  unknown。Type in Herb。 Calif。 Acad。
  San Jorge; Lower California。Fl。 April。
  Specimens   examined:   Lower   California   (Brandegee   of   1889;   at   San
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  North American Species of Cactus
  Jorge)。
  The species has somewhat the spine characters of C。 palmeri; but the
  sharply   quadrangular   and   longer   tubercles   with   axillary   wool   free   from
  bristles suggest a very different affinity。
  4。Cactus densispinus; sp。 nov。
  Globose;   7。5   cm。   in   diameter;   simple:   tubercles   short;   with   woolly
  axils:   radial   spines   about   25;   erect…spreading;   slender   but   rigid;   yellow
  (brownish to black with age); unequal; 8 to 10 mm。 long; central spines 6;
  a little longer (10 to 12 mm。) and straight; more rigid and darker; black…
  tipped: seeds obovate; reddish…brown; 1 mm。 long。Type in Herb。 Coulter。
  Very     easily   distinguished     by    its  dense;    erect   spines;   which     so
  completely cover the plant as to give it the appearance of a large chestnut
  bur。Another much smaller form; which seems to be a variety; has stouter
  and   longer   ashy…white   spines;   the   centrals   darker…tipped;   and   the   lower
  centrals slightly curved。
  ++   One   short   central   spine   (rarely   two   or   none):   ovaries   immersed:
  seeds small; yellow and rugulose: simple。
  5。Cactus heyderi (Muhlenpf。) Kuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 260 (1891)。
  Mamillaria       heyderiMuhlenpf。         Allg。    Gart。    Zeit。   xvi。    20(1848)。
  Mamillaria   declivisDietr。 Allg。   Gart。   Zeit。   xviii。   235   (1850)。   Mamillaria
  applanataEngelm。         Pl。  Lindh     198   (1850)。Mamillaria        texensisLabouret;
  Monogr。 Cact。 89 (1858)。
  Depressed; globose; usually with