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作者:无边的寒冷      更新:2021-02-20 04:47      字数:9322
  North American Species of Cactus
  North American Species
  of Cactus
  by John M。 Coulter。
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  North American Species of Cactus
  U。S。        Department          of      AgricultureDivision           of      Botany
  CONTRIBUTIONS   FROM  THE   U。   S。   NATIONAL  HERBARIUM   Vol。
  IIINo。    2   Issued   June    10;  1894    Preliminary     Revision     of  the   North
  American   Species   of   Cactus;   Anhalonium;   and   Lophophora。byJohn   M。
  Coulter。     Published      by   Authority      of   the   Secretary     of   Agriculture
  WashingtonGovernment                Printing        Office1894         LETTER           OF
  TRANSMITTAL               U。    S。    Department        of    AgricultureDivision        of
  BotanyWashington;          D。  C。;   March    21;   1894    SIR:I   have   the   honor   to
  transmit herewith; for publication as Vol。 III; No。 2; of Contributions from
  the    U。  S。  National     Herbarium;     a  Preliminary     Revision     of  the   North
  American species of Cactus; Anhalonium; and Lophophora; by President
  John M。 Coulter。 Respectfully;Frederick V。 Coville;Chief of the Division
  of Botany。 Hon。 J。 Sterling Morton;Secretary of Agriculture。
  PRELIMINARY            REVISION         OF     THE      NORTH        AMERICAN
  SPECIES         OF    CACTUS;        ANHALONIUM;              AND      LOPHOPHORA。
  Prefatory Note。 In the fall of 1890 Dr。 George Vasey; then Botanist of the
  Department   of   Agriculture;   arranged   with   me   to   prepare   a   revision   of
  North American Cactaceae。Owing to the peculiar difficulty of preserving
  material     the   family     was    poorly    represented;     even    in   our   leading
  herbaria。To   secure   a   large   amount   of   additional   material   in   the   way   of
  specimens and field notes the Department authorized me to visit the region
  of the Mexican boundary during the summer of 1891。Preliminary to this
  exploration      it  was  necessary    to  examine     the   Engelmann      collection   of
  Cactaceae;      in  the   possession     of  the   Missouri    Botanical     Garden。This
  collection; supplemented by the continual additions made at the garden; is
  by   far   the   largest   collection   of   skeletons   and   living   specimens   in   this
  country; and also contains the large majority of our types。
  In   March;    1891;   I  visited   this  collection   and   made    such   notes   as
  seemed necessary for use in the field; and in June; accompanied by Mr。 W。
  H。 Evans and Mr。 G。 C。 Nealley; I began field work in the neighborhood of
  El Paso; Tex。After ten days of exploration it was necessary for me to leave
  the field work in charge of Mr。 Evans; who; with Mr。 Nealley; continued
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  North American Species of Cactus
  work westward; during July and a part of August; to southern California;
  along the Southern Pacific Railway。As a result a large number of complete
  plant   bodies   was   secured;   but   very   few   of   them   were   in   flower   and   the
  field notes indicated little besides collection stations。During the following
  fall and winter preliminary determinations of this material were made by
  Mr。 Evans。 In the fall of 1892 critical study of this and other collections
  was begun in connection with my assistants; Dr。 Elmon M。 Fisher and Mr。
  Edwin B。 Uline; who have ever since rendered constant and most import
  assistance   in   the   examination   of   material   and   bibliography;   which   alone
  has made the work possible in the midst of other pressing duties。
  In the spring of 1893 these two gentlemen spent several weeks at the
  Missouri   Botanical   Garden   in   the   critical   study   of   its   rich   material;   and
  during   the    latter   part  of   their  stay   I  assisted   in  the   work。Dr。  William
  Trelease; the director of the garden; had hastened the arrangement of the
  Engelmann material; and had mounted in convenient form the large mass
  of   notes   left   by   Dr。   Engelmann。These   notes   contained   not   only   critical
  remarks upon known species; but also the diagnoses of many unpublished
  species   which   had   come   into   his   hands;   notably   those   collected   by   Mr。
  William Gabb in 1867 in Lower California。The collections that have thus
  far been studied are:
  (1) Those of the Missouri Botanical Garden; and thanks are especially
  due to Dr。 Trelease for his generous cooperation in the use of this material;
  without which the work would have been impossible。
  (2)  Those   of   the   Department   of Agriculture;   including   the   results   of
  several   recent   explorations;   for   the   use   of   which   I   am   indebted   to   Mr。
  Frederick V。 Coville。
  (3) Those of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University; which Dr。 B。
  L。 Robinson kindly placed at my disposal。
  (4) Those of the California Academy of Sciences; notably rich in forms
  from Lower California and the adjacent islands; kindly loaned by Mr。 T。 S。
  Brandegee。
  (5) Those of Dr。 Louis Eschanzier; of San Luis Potosi; Mexico; who
  send a large series of Mexican forms collected in 1891。
  (6)   Numerous       small   sets  from    different   correspondents;      who    have
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  North American Species of Cactus
  given both time and material in aiding the work。
  It   is   needless   to   say   that   Dr。   George   Engelmann;   the   great   pioneer
  student   of   this   difficult   family;   has   opened   the   paths   in   which   we   must
  follow;     and    it  was   exceedingly       unfortunate      that  he   was    not   able   to
  complete the final revision that he had in mind。
  The difficulties which beset the critical study of this group can not be
  easily exaggerated。Such scanty material as has been collected has been for
  the most part very incomplete; consisting of plant bodies without flower or
  fruit; flower or fruit without plant bodies; and bunches of spines without
  either。The species are displayed also in the most inaccessible regions; and
  their culmination is found in the still poorly known regions of Mexico。
  On   account   of   their   singular   forms   and   often   brilliant   flowers   they
  have     long    been    extensively      cultivated;     especially     in   Europe。     These
  cultivated forms have formed the basis of original descriptions in almost
  all   of   the   European   publications;   and   in   very   rare   cases   have   any   types
  been preserved。As a result; the bibliography of Cactaceae is appalling; and
  it is questionable whether satisfactory  conclusions can be reached in   the
  case   of   hundreds   of   published   names。The   earlier   descriptions   were   not
  only meager; but were based upon what are now regarded very insufficient
  characters; and in the absence of types it is not only unsafe; but impossible
  to   venture   an   opinion   concerning   their   identity。In   view   of   these   facts;   I
  have   thought   it   advisable   to   present   a   preliminary   revision   of   the   order;
  which      shall   contain    the   results   of   the   study    of  material     confessedly
  insufficient。With   such   knowledge   as   we   possess   brought   together;   it   is
  hoped that the study of this very interesting and much neglected group will
  be    stimulated;     and   that   more    critical   exploration     of   our   southwestern
  territory and adjacent Mexico will make a more satisfactory presentation
  possible。It would be useless to notice the vast number of reputed species
  that are not represented by actual specimens in our possession。
  In   the   proposed      preliminary      account     of  the   family;    of  which     the
  present paper is the first part; only those genera are considered which form
  a   part   of   the   flora   of   the   United   States;   and   those   species   which   I   have
  been able to examine and to identify with reasonable certainty。All forms
  credited to the United States have been studied; and the account of these
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  North American Species of Cactus
  species   may   be   considered   fairly   complete;   but   the   far   more   numerous
  Mexican species are but scantily represented。The Mexican boundary is so
  unnatural a dividing line in the distribution of Cactaceae that it has been
  disregarded;   and   all   the   species   studied   have   been   arranged   in   a   lineal
  series of uniform prominen