第 386 节
作者:九米      更新:2021-02-19 21:31      字数:8904
  If you try to grasp it; you will lose it。
  So; there are times
  for forging ahead; and for staying behind;
  for keeping silent; and for speaking aloud。
  Some are strong; while others are weak;
  Some rejoice; while others lament。
  This is why the Sage avoids excess; extremes; and extravagance。
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  He who advises the ruler in the Way of Tao
  Advises against the use of military force to conquer the world。
  Adopting force will invite resistance。
  Where armies camp; brambles and thorns grow。
  Years of bad harvests come after a great war。
  A good ruler does what is needed; then stops;
  Never daring to conquer the world。
  So do what is needed without bragging。
  Do what is needed without boasting。
  Do what is needed without being arrogant。
  Do what is needed; but only when there is no other way。
  Do what is needed without using violence。
  Use of violence is followed by defeat。
  Such action is contrary to Tao;
  And what is contrary to Tao soon comes to an early end。
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  Fine weapons are the instruments of evil; hateful to all。
  So those with Tao spurn them。
  Men of peace favour the left;
  Men of war favour the right。
  Weapons are the tools of misfortune;
  They are not the choice of the wise man;
  Who uses them only when there is no other way;
  And even then; he acts with calm restraint;
  And victory is no occasion for rejoicing。
  To rejoice in victory is to delight in killing。
  Those who enjoy slaughter cannot find fulfilment in the world。
  Auspicious occasions honour the left…hand place;
  Inauspicious occasions honour the right…hand place。?br》 The second…in…command stands on the left;
  Whilst the commander…in…chief stands on the right;
  Arranged as they would be at rites of mourning。
  When so many have been slaughtered;
  Let us mourn with tears of sorrow;
  And treat victory like a funeral。
  1。 The left…hand side is considered the honourable side; and the right…hand side is considered the less honour璦ble。 (See Maurer 1986; 93)
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  Tao is eternally nameless。
  Although; as an uncarved block;?it is small;
  None under Heaven can subjugate it。
  If kings and lords could take possession of it;
  Of their own accord the Ten Thousand Things would pay them homage。
  Heaven and Earth would come together;
  And sweet rain fall。
  Peace and order would spread among the people
  Without its being decreed。
  When the block is cut; the parts need names。
  Are there not already enough names?
  One should know when to stop。
  Knowing when to stop; one avoids all danger。
  Tao in the world is like a river flowing to the sea。
  1。 i。e。 as a very simple; undifferentiated thing。
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  He who knows others is wise;
  He who knows himself is enlightened。
  Conquering others requires force;
  Conquering oneself requires strength。
  He who is content is rich。
  To act with perseverance requires will…power。
  He who stays where he is; endures。
  To die but not be forgotten is to enjoy long life。
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  The great Tao flows everywhere;
  Going to the left and to the right。
  The Ten Thousand Things depend upon it for life;
  It denies itself to none of them;
  Accomplishing its task
  But claiming no credit。
  It clothes and feeds the Ten Thousand Things;
  Yet does not claim to be their master。
  Forever without desire; it may be called small。
  The Ten Thousand Things return to it;
  Yet it does not claim possession over them:
  Thus it may be called great。
  Because it never strives for greatness;
  It thereby accomplishes greatness。
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  To he who holds the great image;
  The whole world will come。
  They will come and meet with no harm;
  Finding safety; tranquillity and comfort。
  Music and food will induce the passer…by to stop;
  But when the Tao is spoken of in words; it seems bland and tasteless。
  Looked for; it cannot be seen。
  Listened for; it cannot be heard。
  Use it; and it can never be exhausted。
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  Whatever shrinks
  Must first have expanded。
  Whatever becomes weak
  Must first have been strong。
  That which is to be destroyed
  Must first have flourished。
  In order to receive;
  One must first give。
  This is called seeing the nature of things。
  The soft overcomes the hard; and the weak overcomes the strong。
  As fish cannot be taken from the water;
  So a ruler should not reveal to the people his means of government。
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  The Tao never acts;
  Yet nothing is left undone。
  If the ruler were able to hold to it;
  The Ten Thousand Things would take shape of their own accord。
  If in taking shape desire should arise;
  He would quell it by means of the nameless simplicity。
  With the nameless simplicity
  There will be no desires。
  Being free from desire; tranquillity is attained;
  And everything beneath Heaven will be at peace。
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  The truly good man is unaware of his goodness;
  And thus is good。
  The foolish man sets himself to be good;
  And so is not good。
  The truly good man takes no action;
  Yet all things are accomplished。
  The foolish man is forever taking action;
  And much is left undone。
  The truly benevolent man acts without striving to satisfy personal ends;
  Yet the seeker of morality acts with an ulterior motive。
  And when the follower of rules takes action and no one responds;
  He rolls up his shirt…sleeves to impose order by force。
  Therefore; when Tao is lost; goodness remains。
  When goodness is lost; benevolence remains。
  When benevolence is lost; morality remains。
  When morality is lost; rules remain。
  Merely following rules?is a pretence of trust and loyalty; and is the beginning of confusion。
  To seek knowledge of the future is to hold to a false Tao; and is the beginning of folly。
  Therefore the superior man holds to the real
  And ignores mere appearances;
  Takes the fruit and rejects the flower;
  Accepts the first and discards the second。
  1。 i。e。 adhering to Confucian Rites。
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  These are the things of ancient times which obtained the One:?br》 Heaven obtained the One and became clear;
  Earth obtained the One and became stable;
  The Gods obtained the One and became divine;
  The Valleys obtained the One and became full;
  The Ten Thousand Things obtained the One and were made alive;
  Kings and lords obtained the One and ruled the empire。
  Did they not all become as they are by obtaining the One?
  Without clarity;
  Heaven would soon shatter。
  Without stability;
  the Earth would soon split。
  Without being divine;
  the Gods would soon dissolve。
  Without being full;
  the Valleys would soon be exhausted。
  Without life;
  the Ten Thousand Things would soon
  perish。
  Without kings and lords;
  the empire would soon fall。
  Therefore the noble has its root in the humble。
  The high has its foundation in the low。
  This is why kings and lords call themselves orphaned; lonely; and without sustenance。
  Thus they regard the humble as their root。
  Those who are most praiseworthy
  Do not need praise。
  They prefer neither to be rare; like jade;
  Nor common; like stone。
  1。 i。e。 the Tao。
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  The motion of Tao is to return。
  The Way of Tao is to yield。
  The Ten Thousand Things have their source in being;
  Being arises from non…being。
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  When the superior man hears of the Tao; he practises it diligently。
  When the average man hears about the Tao; he follows it only intermittently。
  When the foolish man hears of the Tao; he bursts out laughing。
  But for this laughter Tao would not be Tao。
  Hence; the ancients have said:
  The lightest path seems to be dark;
  Going forward seems like going back;
  The easy way seems to be hard;
  The highest Virtue seems empty;
  That which is pure seems sullied;
  Ample Virtue appears inadequate;
  Strength to be had from Virtue seems lacking;
  Virtue itself appears unreal。
  The greatest space has no corners;
  The greatest talent develops slowly;
  The loudest sound cannot be heard;
  The greatest form has no shape。
  Tao is hidden and without a name;
  Yet it is Tao which nourishes all things and brings everything to completion。
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  Tao gives birth to one;
  One gives birth to two;
  Two gives birth to three;?br》 And three gives birth to the Ten Thousand Things。
  The Ten Thousand Things carry yin and embrace yang;
  And by blending these vital forces; they achieve harmony。
  The people hate being orphaned; lonely; and without sustenance;
  Even though this is how kings and lords describe themselves。
  One may gain by losing
  And lose by gaining。
  I teach what others have taught:
  慣hose who are violent do not die a natural death。?br》 I shall make this the basis o