第 387 节
作者:九米      更新:2021-02-19 21:31      字数:8892
  慣hose who are violent do not die a natural death。?br》 I shall make this the basis of my teaching。
  1。 Perhaps 憈wo?is 憂on…being? and 憈hree? 慴eing? or 憈wo? 憏in? and 憈hree? 憏ang? But see also Wilhelm (1985; 21 and 73) who suggests that 憃ne?is the unity in which all opposites are 慽ntermingled? and which generates 憈wo?慳s antithesis (the opposites of light and dark; male and female ?)。 From these pairs of opposites the phenomenal world is born as the Three? (p。 21) However we understand the numbers; this part of the chapter points to the multiplicity of things having their source in the undifferentiated Tao。
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  Under Heaven; it is the softest things which overcome the hardest things。
  That which has no substance can penetrate where there is no room。
  Thus I know the benefit of non…action。
  Few in the world understand the advantage of
  Teaching without words and accomplishing without action。
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  Fame or self: which is the most dear?
  Self or wealth: which has most value?
  Gain or loss: which is worse?
  Attachment to things results in wasteful expense。
  The more that is hoarded; the heavier the loss。
  Know contentment and thus never be disappointed;
  Know when to stop and thus avoid all danger。
  This is the way to last forever。
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  Great accomplishment seems inadequate;
  But its usefulness will last forever。
  Great fullness seems empty;
  But using it cannot exhaust it。
  Great straightness seems crooked。
  Great skill seems awkward。
  Great surplus seems deficient。
  Great eloquence seems to stammer。
  Movement overcomes cold。
  Stillness overcomes heat。
  Being calm and tranquil one can become ruler of the world。
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  When Tao is present in the world
  Racehorses are taken off to work in the fields。
  When Tao is absent from the world
  War…horses are bred in the countryside。
  There is no crime greater than having desires。
  No disaster is greater than not being content with one抯 lot。
  The worst misfortune is to be greedy。
  He who is content with what he has
  Has enough。
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  Without going out of doors
  One can know the whole world。
  Without looking through the window
  One can see the Way of Heaven。
  The further one goes;
  The less one knows。
  Thus the Sage knows without going out;
  Understands without looking;
  And accomplishes without acting。
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  In pursuit of knowledge; something new is learned every day。
  In pursuit of the Tao; something is abandoned every day。
  Do less and less
  Until non…action is achieved。
  Do nothing; and nothing remains undone。
  All things can be accomplished by not acting。
  The empire can never be governed by taking action。
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  The Sage has no mind of his own;
  He makes the mind of the people his mind。
  Treat well those who are good;
  Treat well those who are not good。
  Thus everyone will become good。
  Trust those who are sincere;
  Trust those who are not sincere。
  Thus everyone will become sincere。
  When dealing with the world; the Sage blends his mind harmoniously with the mind of the people。
  The people all watch him and listen to his words。
  He accepts them all as his children。
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  Between being born and dying
  Three out of ten are companions of life;
  Three out of ten are companions of death。
  And three out of ten in their lives progress from activity to death;
  Why is this?
  Because they strive too intensely after life。?br》
  It is well known that those who know how to live properly can go out
  Without fear of meeting rhinoceros or tiger。
  Caught in the fray; weapons cannot harm them。
  The rhinoceros cannot gore them with its horn;
  The tiger cannot maul them with its claws;
  And weapons can find no place to pierce。
  Why is this?
  For them there is no such thing as death。
  1。 All translators find these lines particularly hard to interpret。 慣hree out of ten?presumably means 憃ne third?(see Lau 1963; 57)。 Henricks notes (1990; 122) that these lines can be taken to mean 憆oughly speaking; one…third of humanity seems to be born to ?live a long time no matter what they do; another third seems born fated to ?die young no matter what they do; and; finally; another third can live long or die young depending on how they live; but they hasten their journey to death with their anxiety to hold on to life? (Henricks; reluctantly; favours a different interpretation; based on his own; different; preferred translation of this chapter。 His reasons for preferring his different translation are quite involved and technical; and cannot be gone into here。 See Henricks 1990; 123。)
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  Tao gives rise to all things;
  Virtue nourishes them;
  Environment shapes them;
  Circumstances complete them。
  Therefore the Ten Thousand Things
  Respect Tao and honour Virtue。
  No one commands that
  Tao be respected and Virtue honoured。
  Doing so comes spontaneously。
  So it is that all things arise from Tao;
  They are nourished by Virtue;
  Grown and nurtured;
  Given shelter and comfort;
  Matured and protected。
  Tao produces them but does not possess them;
  Accomplishes without taking credit;
  Guides without interfering。
  This is called mystical Virtue。
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  All things under Heaven have the same source;
  This may be called the Mother of the Ten Thousand Things。
  Knowing the mother;
  One may know the children。
  Knowing the children;
  One may keep to the mother;
  And to the end of one抯 days; never meet with danger。
  Whosoever closes the mouth
  And shuts the doors?br》 Will be free from trouble throughout his life。
  But whosoever opens the mouth
  And adds to his affairs;
  To the end of his days; will be beyond hope。
  To see the small is to be enlightened。
  To keep to the weak is to be strong。
  Use the light of your intellect;
  But return to enlightenment;
  And thus avoid misfortune。
  This is called practising the constant。
  1。 of the senses。
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  Having just a little intelligence
  I would keep to the main road;?br》 My only fear that I might stray from it。
  It is easy to keep to the main road;
  But the people prefer the by…ways。
  When the court is maintained in lavish splendour;
  The fields are full of weeds
  And the granaries are empty。
  Some wear extravagant clothes
  And carry sharp swords。
  They consume food and drink to excess
  And accumulate more wealth and possessions than they can find use for。
  This is called robbery and extravagance;
  And is contrary to Tao。
  1。 i。e。 follow Tao。
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  What is well…planted cannot be uprooted;
  What is grasped tightly cannot slip away;
  Just as ancestral sacrifices will never be suspended。
  Cultivate Tao in yourself
  And Virtue will be real。
  Cultivate it in the family
  And Virtue will be plentiful。
  Cultivate it in the community
  And Virtue will increase。
  Cultivate it in the state
  And Virtue will flourish。
  Cultivate it in the world
  And Virtue will be universal。
  Hence; judge a person as a person;
  A family as a family;
  A community as a community;
  A state as a state;
  The world as a world。
  How do I know the world is like this?
  Through observation。
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  He who possesses Virtue in abundance is like a newly born infant。
  Poisonous insects will not sting him;
  Wild beasts will not seize him;
  Birds of prey will not attack him。
  His bones are soft; his muscles weak; but his grasp is strong。
  He has not experienced the union of male and female;
  And yet is fully virile:
  His essence is complete。
  He can cry all day without getting hoarse。
  This is harmony at its height。
  Knowing harmony is to know what is eternal。
  Knowing what is eternal is to be enlightened。
  It is inauspicious to try to improve on life;
  And harmful to regulate breathing by conscious control。
  To strive for too much results in exhaustion。
  These actions are contrary to Tao。
  And what is contrary to Tao soon comes to an early end。
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  He who knows does not speak。
  He who speaks does not know。
  He closes the mouth
  And shuts the doors;?br》 Blunts sharp edges;
  Unties all tangles;
  Softens the glare;
  And blends with the dust。
  This is called mystical union。
  He who can attain this state?br》 Is not concerned with being liked or disliked;
  Benefited or harmed;
  Exalted or despised。
  Thus he is valued by the world。
  1。 of the senses。
  2。 of being like a Sage。
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  Rule the state with integrity。
  Wage war?with cunning strategy;
  But win the empire through non…action。
  How do I know this?
  By this:
  The more rules and regulations there are;
  the more poor the people become。
  The more sharp weapons there are;
  the more troubled the state becomes。