第 18 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9317
  large is the increase of surplus value。 This decline of the interest rate is in
  accord with Bohm…Bawerk's law of 〃diminishing returns。〃 That is; when
  capital;   like   anything   else;   has   become   over…plentiful;   less   lucrative   use
  56
  … Page 57…
  War of the Classes
  can only be found for the excess。 This excess; not being able to earn so
  much   as   when   capital   was   less   plentiful;   competes   for   safe   investments
  and forces down the interest rate on all capital。 Mr。 Charles A。 Conant has
  well described the keenness of the scramble for safe investments; even at
  the prevailing low rates of interest。 At the close of the war with Turkey; the
  Greek loan; guaranteed by Great Britain; France; and Russia; was floated
  with striking   ease。 Regardless   of the small   return;  the amount   offered   at
  Paris;   (41;000;000   francs);   was   subscribed   for   twenty…three   times   over。
  Great Britain; France; Germany; Holland; and the Scandinavian States; of
  recent   years;   have   all   engaged   in   converting   their   securities   from   5   per
  cents to 4 per cents; from 4。5 per cents to 3。5 per cents; and the 3。5 per
  cents into 3 per cents。
  Great Britain; France; Germany; and Austria…Hungary; according to the
  calculation   taken   in   1895   by   the   International   Statistical   Institute;   hold
  forty…six   billions   of   capital   invested   in   negotiable   securities   alone。   Yet
  Paris subscribed for her portion of the Greek loan twenty…three times over!
  In   short;   money   is   cheap。   Andrew   Carnegie   and   his   brother   bourgeois
  kings give away millions annually; but still the tide wells up。 These vast
  accumulations           have       made       possible       〃wild…catting;〃        fraudulent
  combinations;        fake    enterprises;     Hooleyism;       but   such    stealings;    great
  though they be; have little or no effect in reducing the volume。 The time is
  past when startling inventions; or revolutions in the method of production;
  can break up   the growing   congestion; yet   this saved   capital demands   an
  outlet; somewhere; somehow。
  When a great nation has equipped itself to produce far more than it can;
  under the present division of the product; consume; it seeks other markets
  for    its  surplus    products。    When      a  second     nation    finds   itself  similarly
  circumstanced; competition for these other markets naturally follows。 With
  the   advent   of   a   third;   a   fourth;   a   fifth;   and   of   divers   other   nations;   the
  question of the disposal of surplus products grows serious。 And with each
  of these nations possessing; over and beyond its active capital; great and
  growing   masses   of   idle   capital;   and   when   the   very   foreign   markets   for
  which   they   are   competing   are   beginning   to   produce   similar   wares   for
  themselves; the question passes the serious stage and becomes critical。
  57
  … Page 58…
  War of the Classes
  Never   has   the   struggle   for   foreign   markets   been   sharper   than   at   the
  present。     They     are   the   one    great   outlet   for   congested      accumulations。
  Predatory capital wanders the world over; seeking where it may establish
  itself。 This urgent need for foreign markets is forcing upon the world…stage
  an era of great colonial empire。 But this does not stand; as in the past; for
  the   subjugation   of   peoples   and   countries   for   the   sake   of   gaining   their
  products; but for the privilege of selling them products。 The theory once
  was;   that    the   colony   owed      its  existence    and    prosperity   to    the   mother
  country;   but   today   it   is   the   mother   country   that   owes   its   existence   and
  prosperity to the colony。 And in the future; when that supporting colony
  becomes wise in the way of producing surplus value and sends its goods
  back to sell to the mother country; what then? Then the world will have
  been exploited; and capitalistic production will have attained its maximum
  development。
  Foreign markets and undeveloped countries largely retard that moment。
  The   favored portions   of the earth's   surface   are   already  occupied;   though
  the resources of many are yet virgin。 That they have not long since been
  wrested      from    the   hands    of   the   barbarous     and    decadent     peoples     who
  possess them is due; not to the military prowess of such peoples; but to the
  jealous   vigilance   of   the   industrial   nations。 The   powers   hold   one   another
  back。   The   Turk   lives   because   the   way   is   not   yet   clear   to   an   amicable
  division of him among the powers。 And the United States; supreme though
  she    is;  opposes     the   partition    of  China;    and    intervenes     her   huge    bulk
  between   the   hungry   nations   and   the   mongrel   Spanish   republics。   Capital
  stands   in   its   own   way;   welling   up   and   welling   up   against   the   inevitable
  moment when it shall burst all bonds and sweep resistlessly across such
  vast stretches as China and South America。 And then there will be no more
  worlds   to   exploit;   and   capitalism   will   either   fall   back;   crushed   under   its
  own   weight;  or   a   change of   direction   will   take   place   which   will   mark   a
  new era in history。
  The   Far   East   affords   an   illuminating   spectacle。   While   the   Western
  nations      are   crowding       hungrily     in;  while     the   Partition    of   China     is
  commingled   with   the   clamor   for   the   Spheres   of   Influence   and   the   Open
  Door;   other   forces   are   none   the   less   potently   at   work。   Not   only   are   the
  58
  … Page 59…
  War of the Classes
  young Western   peoples pressing   the   older   ones   to   the   wall;  but the   East
  itself   is   beginning   to   awake。   American   trade   is   advancing;   and   British
  trade is losing ground; while Japan; China; and India are taking a hand in
  the game themselves。
  In 1893; 100;000 pieces of American drills were imported into China;
  in   1897;   349;000。   In   1893;   252;000   pieces   of  American   sheetings   were
  imported against 71;000 British; but in 1897; 566;000 pieces of American
  sheetings were imported against only 10;000 British。 The cotton goods and
  yarn trade (which forms 40 per cent of the whole trade with China) shows
  a remarkable advance on the part of the United States。 During the last ten
  years America   has   increased   her   importation   of   plain   goods   by   121   per
  cent in quantity and 59。5 per cent in value; while that of England and India
  combined has decreased 13。75 per cent in quantity and 8 per cent in value。
  Lord   Charles   Beresford;   from   whose   〃Break…up   of   China〃   these   figures
  are taken; states that English yarn has receded and Indian yarn advanced to
  the front。 In 1897; 140;000 piculs of Indian yarn were imported; 18;000 of
  Japanese; 4500 of Shanghai…manufactured; and 700 of English。
  Japan;   who   but   yesterday   emerged   from   the   mediaeval   rule   of   the
  Shogunate   and   seized   in   one   fell   swoop   the   scientific   knowledge   and
  culture   of   the   Occident;   is   already  today   showing   what   wisdom  she   has
  acquired in the production of surplus value; and is preparing herself that
  she may tomorrow play the part to Asia that England did to Europe one
  hundred years ago。 That the difference in the world's affairs wrought   by
  those one hundred years will prevent her succeeding is manifest; but it is
  equally manifest that they cannot prevent her playing a leading part in the
  industrial drama which has commenced on the Eastern stage。 Her imports
  into the port of Newchang in 1891 amounted to but 22;000 taels; but in
  1897   they   had   increased   to   280;000   taels。   In   manufactured   goods;   from
  matches;   watches;   and   clocks   to   the   rolling   stock   of   railways;   she   has
  already given stiff shocks to her competitors in the Asiatic markets; and
  this   while    she   is  virtually    yet  in  the   equipment      stage    of  production。
  Erelong she; too; will be furnishing her share to the growing mass of the
  world's capital。
  As     regards     Great    Britain;     the   giant    trader    who     has    so   long
  59
  … Page 60…
  War of the Classes
  overshadowed         Asiatic    commerce;