第 17 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9300
  that   of   the   creditor   nations。   She;   too;   has   become   wise   in   the   way   of
  producing surplus value。 She has been successful in her efforts to secure
  economic       emancipation。       Possessing      but   5   per   cent    of   the   world's
  population and producing 32 per cent of the world's food supply; she has
  been     looked     upon    as   the   world's    farmer;    but   now;    amidst    general
  consternation; she comes forward as the world's manufacturer。 In 1888 her
  manufactured         exports      amounted       to    130;300;087;        in    1896;     to
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  253;681;541;   in   1897;   to   279;652;721;   in   1898;   to   307;924;994;   in
  1899;     to  338;667;794;      and   in   1900;   to  432;000;000。       Regarding     her
  growing favorable balances of trade; it may be noted that not only are her
  imports not increasing; but they are actually falling off; while her exports
  in the last decade have increased 72。4 per cent。 In ten years her imports
  from     Europe    have    been   reduced     from   474;000;000       to  439;000;000;
  while in the same time her exports have increased from 682;000;000 to
  1;111;000;000。        Her    balance     of   trade    in  her    favor    in  1895     was
  75;000;000; in 1896; over 100;000;000; in 1897; nearly 300;000;000;
  in     1898;     615;000;000;       in    1899;     530;000;000;        and    in    1900;
  648;000;000。
  In   the   matter   of  iron;   the  United    States;   which    in   1840    had   not
  dreamed   of   entering   the   field   of   international   competition;   in   1897;   as
  much to her own surprise as any one else's; undersold the English in their
  own London market。 In 1899 there was but one American locomotive in
  Great   Britain;   but;   of   the   five   hundred   locomotives   sold   abroad   by   the
  United     States   in  1902;    England    bought     more    than   any   other   country。
  Russia   is   operating   a   thousand   of   them   on   her   own   roads   today。   In   one
  instance the American manufacturers contracted to deliver a locomotive in
  four and one…half months for 9250; the English manufacturers requiring
  twenty…four      months     for   delivery    at  14;000。     The   Clyde     shipbuilders
  recently placed orders for 150;000 tons of plates at a saving of 250;000;
  and the American steel going into the making of the new London subway
  is taken as a matter of course。 American tools stand above competition the
  world over。 Ready…made boots and shoes are beginning to flood Europe;
  the same with machinery; bicycles; agricultural implements; and all kinds
  of manufactured goods。 A correspondent from Hamburg; speaking of the
  invasion of American   trade;  says:   〃Incidentally; it   may  be   remarked   that
  the typewriting machine with which this article is written; as well as the
  thousandsnay;        hundreds      of   thousandsof      others    that   are    in   use
  throughout      the   world;    were    made    in   America;     that   it  stands   on   an
  American   table;   in   an   office   furnished   with American   desks;   bookcases;
  and chairs; which cannot be made in Europe of equal quality; so practical
  and convenient; for a similar price。〃
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  In 1893 and 1894; because of the distrust of foreign capital; the United
  States   was   forced   to   buy   back   American   securities   held   abroad;   but   in
  1897   and   1898   she   bought   back   American   securities   held   abroad;   not
  because she had to; but because she chose to。 And not only has she bought
  back her own securities; but in the last eight years she has become a buyer
  of the securities of other countries。 In the money markets of London; Paris;
  and Berlin she is a lender of money。 Carrying the largest stock of gold in
  the world; the world; in moments of danger; when crises of international
  finance loom large; looks to her vast lending ability for safety。
  Thus; in a few swift years; has the United States drawn up to the van
  where      the  great    industrial   nations    are   fighting   for   commercial      and
  financial empire。 The figures of the race; in which she passed England; are
  interesting:
  Year     United      States    Exports     United      Kingdom       Exports       1875
  497;263;737        1;087;497;000       1885     673;593;506      1;037;124;000        1895
  807;742;415        1;100;452;000        1896    986;830;080       1;168;671;000         1897
  1;079;834;296       1;139;882;000      1898    1;233;564;828       1;135;642;000      1899
  1;253;466;000 1;287;971;000 1900 1;453;013;659 1;418;348;000
  As   Mr。   Henry   Demarest   Lloyd   has   noted;   〃When   the   news   reached
  Germany of the new steel trust in America; the stocks of the iron and steel
  mills listed on the Berlin Bourse fell。〃 While Europe has been talking and
  dreaming of the greatness which was; the United States has been thinking
  and planning and doing for the greatness to be。 Her captains of industry
  and     kings    of   finance    have    toiled   and    sweated     at  organizing     and
  consolidating production and transportation。 But this has been merely the
  developmental   stage;   the   tuning…up   of   the   orchestra。   With   the   twentieth
  century rises the curtain on the play;a play which shall have much in it of
  comedy and a vast deal of tragedy; and which has been well named The
  Capitalistic   Conquest   of   Europe   by America。   Nations   do   not   die   easily;
  and one of the first moves of Europe will be the erection of tariff walls。
  America; however; will fittingly reply; for already her manufacturers are
  establishing works in France and Germany。 And when the German trade
  journals    refused    to  accept    American     advertisements;      they   found    their
  country flamingly bill…boarded in buccaneer American fashion。
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  M。 Leroy…Beaulieu; the French economist; is passionately preaching a
  commercial        combination       of   the   whole     Continent     against    the   United
  States;a commercial alliance which; he boldly declares; should become a
  political alliance。 And in this he is not alone; finding ready sympathy and
  ardent   support   in Austria;   Italy;   and   Germany。   Lord   Rosebery   said;   in   a
  recent   speech   before   the   Wolverhampton   Chamber   of   Commerce:   〃The
  Americans;        with    their   vast   and    almost    incalculable      resources;     their
  acuteness and enterprise; and their huge population; which will probably
  be 100;000;000 in twenty years; together with the plan they have adopted
  for putting accumulated wealth into great cooperative syndicates or trusts
  for the purpose of carrying on this great commercial warfare; are the most
  formidable 。 。 。 rivals to be feared。〃
  The London Times says: 〃It is useless to disguise the fact that Great
  Britain   is   being   outdistanced。   The   competition   does   not   come   from   the
  glut   caused   by   miscalculation   as   to   the   home   demand。   Our   own   steel…
  makers      know     better   and    are  alarmed。     The    threatened     competition      in
  markets   hitherto   our   own   comes   from   efficiency   in   production   such   as
  never     before    has  been    seen。〃   Even     the  British    naval   supremacy       is  in
  danger;     continues      the   same    paper;    〃for;   if  we   lose    our   engineering
  supremacy; our naval supremacy will follow; unless held on sufferance by
  our successful rivals。〃
  And   the   Edinburgh   Evening   News   says;   with   editorial   gloom:   〃The
  iron   and   steel   trades   have   gone   from   us。   When   the   fictitious   prosperity
  caused by the expenditure of our own Government and that of European
  nations on armaments ceases; half of the men employed in these industries
  will   be   turned   into   the   streets。   The   outlook   is   appalling。  What   suffering
  will have to be endured before the workers realize that there is nothing left
  for them but emigration!〃
  That there must be a limit to the accumulation of capital is obvious。
  The   downward   course   of   the   rate   of   interest;  notwithstanding   that   many
  new   employments   have   been   made   possible   for   capital;   indicates   how
  large is the increase of surplus value。 This decline of the interest rate is in
  accord with Bohm…Bawerk's law of 〃diminishing returns。〃 That is; when