第 16 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9322
  waged;   not   for   honor   and   glory;   nor   for   thrones   and   sceptres;   but   for
  dollars and cents and for marts and exchanges。 Brain and not brawn will
  endure;   and   the   captains   of   war   will   be   commanded   by   the   captains   of
  industry。   In   short;  it  will  be  a  contest   for  the   mastery   of   the  world's
  commerce and for industrial supremacy。
  It is more significant; this struggle into which we have plunged; for the
  fact that it is the first struggle to involve the globe。 No general movement
  of man has been so wide…spreading; so far…reaching。 Quite local was the
  supremacy       of   any    ancient    people;    likewise    the   rise  to   empire    of
  Macedonia and Rome; the waves of Arabian valor and fanaticism; and the
  mediaeval crusades to the Holy Sepulchre。 But since those times the planet
  has undergone a unique shrinkage。
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  The world of Homer; limited by the coast…lines of the Mediterranean
  and Black seas; was a far vaster world than ours of today; which we weigh;
  measure;   and   compute   as   accurately  and   as   easily  as   if   it   were   a   child's
  play…ball。   Steam   has   made   its   parts   accessible   and   drawn   them   closer
  together。 The   telegraph   annihilates   space and   time。   Each   morning;   every
  part knows what every other part is thinking; contemplating; or doing。 A
  discovery in a German laboratory is being demonstrated in San Francisco
  within twenty…four hours。 A book written in South Africa is published by
  simultaneous copyright in every English…speaking country; and on the day
  following   is   in   the    hands   of   the   translators。   The   death   of    an  obscure
  missionary in China; or of a whiskey…smuggler in the South Seas; is served;
  the world over; with the morning toast。 The wheat output of Argentine or
  the gold of Klondike are known wherever men meet and trade。 Shrinkage;
  or    centralization;     has    become      such    that   the   humblest      clerk   in   any
  metropolis may place his hand on the pulse of the world。 The planet has
  indeed   grown   very   small;   and   because   of   this;   no   vital   movement   can
  remain in the clime or country where it takes its rise。
  And so today the economic and industrial impulse is world…wide。 It is
  a matter of import to every people。 None may be careless of it。 To do so is
  to perish。 It is become a battle; the fruits of which are to the strong; and to
  none   but   the   strongest   of   the   strong。   As   the   movement   approaches   its
  maximum;   centralization   accelerates   and   competition   grows   keener   and
  closer。     The    competitor      nations    cannot     all  succeed。     So    long    as  the
  movement continues its present direction; not only will there not be room
  for   all;   but   the   room   that   is   will   become   less   and   less;   and   when   the
  moment       of   the   maximum       is  at   hand;   there    will   be  no   room     at  all。
  Capitalistic      production     will   have    overreached      itself;  and    a  change     of
  direction will then be inevitable。
  Divers      queries     arise:    What      is   the    maximum         of   commercial
  development   the   world   can   sustain?   How   far   can   it   be   exploited?   How
  much capital is necessary? Can sufficient capital be accumulated? A brief
  resume of the industrial history of the last one hundred years or so will be
  relevant     at  this  stage    of  the  discussion。     Capitalistic     production;     in  its
  modern significance; was born of the industrial revolution in England in
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  the latter half of the eighteenth century。 The great inventions of that period
  were   both   its   father   and   its   mother;   while;   as   Mr。   Brooks   Adams   has
  shown; the looted treasure of India was the potent midwife。 Had there not
  been   an   unwonted   increase   of   capital;  the   impetus   would   not   have   been
  given      to   invention;     while    even     steam    might     have     languished      for
  generations   instead   of   at   once   becoming;   as   it   did;   the   most   prominent
  factor in the new method of production。 The improved application of these
  inventions in the first decades of the nineteenth century mark the transition
  from the domestic to the factory system of manufacture and inaugurated
  the era  of  capitalism。 The   magnitude  of this   revolution   is   manifested   by
  the fact that England alone had invented the means and equipped herself
  with the machinery whereby she could overstock the world's markets。 The
  home      market     could    not   consume       a  tithe   of   the   home     product。    To
  manufacture   this   home   product   she   had   sacrificed   her   agriculture。   She
  must   buy   her   food   from   abroad;   and   to   do   so   she   must   sell   her   goods
  abroad。
  But the struggle for commercial supremacy had not yet really begun。
  England was without a rival。 Her navies controlled the sea。 Her armies and
  her insular position gave her peace at home。 The world was hers to exploit。
  For nearly fifty years she dominated the European; American; and Indian
  trade;    while    the   great   wars    then   convulsing      society    were    destroying
  possible competitive capital and straining consumption to its utmost。 The
  pioneer of the industrial nations; she thus received such a start in the new
  race for wealth that it is only today the   other nations have succeeded   in
  overtaking her。 In 1820 the volume of her trade (imports and exports) was
  68;000;000 pounds。 In 1899 it had increased to 815;000;000 pounds;… …an
  increase of 1200 per cent in the volume of trade。
  For   nearly   one   hundred   years   England   has   been   producing   surplus
  value。   She   has   been   producing   far   more   than   she   consumes;   and   this
  excess     has   swelled     the  volume      of  her   capital。   This    capital   has   been
  invested   in   her   enterprises   at   home   and   abroad;   and   in   her   shipping。   In
  1898     the   Stock    Exchange      estimated     British   capital   invested    abroad     at
  1;900;000;000   pounds。   But   hand   in   hand   with   her   foreign   investments
  have grown her adverse balances of trade。 For the ten years ending with
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  1868; her average yearly adverse balance was 52;000;000 pounds; ending
  with   1878;   81;000;000   pounds;   ending   with   1888;   101;000;000   pounds;
  and ending with 1898; 133;000;000 pounds。 In the single year of 1897 it
  reached the portentous sum of 157;000;000 pounds。
  But England's adverse balances of trade in themselves are nothing at
  which to be frightened。 Hitherto they have been paid from out the earnings
  of her shipping and the interest on her foreign investments。 But what does
  cause anxiety; however; is that; relative to the trade development of other
  countries;      her   export    trade   is   falling   off;   without    a   corresponding
  diminution of her imports; and that her securities and foreign holdings do
  not seem able to stand the added strain。 These she is being forced to sell in
  order   to   pull   even。   As   the   London   Times   gloomily   remarks;   〃We   are
  entering the twentieth century on the down grade; after a prolonged period
  of business activity; high wages; high profits; and overflowing revenue。〃
  In   other   words;   the   mighty   grasp   England   held   over   the   resources   and
  capital   of   the   world   is   being   relaxed。   The   control   of   its   commerce   and
  banking is slipping through her fingers。 The sale of her foreign holdings
  advertises   the   fact   that   other   nations   are   capable   of   buying   them;   and;
  further; that these other nations are busily producing surplus value。
  The   movement   has   become   general。   Today;   passing   from   country   to
  country;   an   ever…increasing   tide   of   capital   is   welling   up。   Production   is
  doubling and quadrupling upon itself。 It used to be that the impoverished
  or undeveloped nations turned to England when it came to borrowing; but
  now Germany is competing keenly with her in this matter。 France is not
  averse to lending great   sums to   Russia; and Austria…Hungary has   capital
  and to spare for foreign holdings。
  Nor has the United States failed to pass from the side of the debtor to
  that   of   the   creditor   nations。   She;   too;   h