第 29 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  military events on internal affairs。           In the first place; no one who has not
  actually crossed the Russian front during the period of active operations
  can well realize how different are the revolutionary wars from that which
  ended in 1918。         Advance on a broad front no longer means that a belt of
  men in touch with each other has moved definitely forward。 It means that
  there have been a series of forward movements at widely separated; and
  with    the   very   haziest    of  mutual;     connections。      There     will   be   violent
  fighting for a village or a railway station or the passage of a river。                   Small
  hostile groups will engage in mortal combat to decide the possession of a
  desirable hut in which to sleep; but; except at these rare points of actual
  contact;     the   number     of   prisoners    is  far   in  excess    of   the   number     of
  casualties。      Parties   on   each   side   will   be   perfectly   ignorant   of   events   to
  right or left of them; ignorant even of their gains and losses。                   Last year I
  ran into Whites in a village which the Reds had assured me was
  strongly held by themselves; and these same Whites refused to believe
  that    the   village   where     I  had    spent    the  preceding      night    was    in  the
  possession   of   the   Reds。      It   is   largely   an   affair   of   scouting   parties;   of
  patrols   dodging   each   other   through   the   forest   tracks;   of   swift   raids;   of
  sudden conviction (often entirely erroneous) on the part of one side or the
  other; that it or the enemy has been 〃encircled。〃                  The actual number of
  combatants to a mile of front is infinitely less than during the German war。
  Further;  since   an   immense   proportion   of these   combatants   on   both sides
  have no wish to fight at all; being without patriotic or political convictions
  and very badly fed and clothed; and since it is more profitable to desert
  than   to   be   taken   prisoner;   desertion   in   bulk   is   not   uncommon;   and   the
  deserters;   hurriedly   enrolled   to   fight   on   the   other   side;   indignantly   re…
  desert   when   opportunity  offers。         In   this   way  the   armies   of   Denikin   and
  Yudenitch       swelled    like   mushrooms       and   decayed     with    similar   rapidity。
  Military events of this kind; however spectacular they may seem abroad;
  do not have the political effect that might be expected。                  I was in Moscow
  89
  … Page 90…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  at   the   worst   moment   of   the   crisis   in   1919   when   practically   everybody
  outside the Government believed that Petrograd had already fallen; and I
  could   not but   realize   that   the   Government   was stronger   then   than   it   had
  been in February of the same year; when it had a series of victories and
  peace with the Allies seemed for a moment to be in sight。                        A sort of fate
  seems   to   impel   the   Whites   to   neutralize   with   extraordinary   rapidity   any
  good     will   for   themelves      which     they   may    find    among     the   population。
  This     is  true  of   both   sides;   but   seems     to  affect   the   Whites     especially。
  Although General Baron Wrangel does indeed seem to have striven more
  successfully   than   his   predecessors   not   to   set   the   population   against   him
  and   to   preserve   the   loyalty   of   his   army;   it   may   be   said   with   absolute
  certainty that   any  large success   on   his part   would   bring crowding   to   his
  banner   the     same     crowd     of  stupid    reactionary   officers      who    brought   to
  nothing any mild desire for moderation that may have been felt by General
  Denikin。  If   the   area   he   controls   increases;  his   power   of   control   over   his
  subordinates   will   decrease;   and   the   forces   that   led   to   Denikin's   collapse
  will be set in motion in his case also。* '(*)On the day on which I send this
  book to the printers news comes of Wrangel's collapse and flight。                         I leave
  standing what I have written concerning him; since it
  will   apply   to   any   successor   he   may   have。         Each   general   who   has
  stepped into Kolchak's shoes has eventually had to run away in them; and
  always for the same reasons。 It may be taken almost as an axiom that the
  history   of     great   country   is   that   of   its   centre;   not   of   its   periphery。   The
  main   course   of   English   history   throughout   the   troubled   seventeenth   and
  eighteenth   centuries   was   never   deflected   from   London。              French   history
  did   not   desert   Paris; to   make   a   new  start   at Toulon or   at   Quiberon   Bay。
  And   only   a   fanatic   could   suppose   that   Russian   history   would   run   away
  from Moscow; to begin again in a semi…Tartar peninsula in the Black Sea。
  Moscow   changes   continually;   and   may   so   change   as   to   make   easy   the
  return of the 〃refugees。〃 Some   have already returned。                     But the   refugees
  will not return   as conquerors。            Should   a Russian   Napoleon (an unlikely
  figure;   even   in   spite   of   our   efforts)   appear;   he   will   not   throw   away   the
  invaluable asset of a revolutionary war…cry。                  He will have to fight some
  one; or he will not be a Napoleon。               And whom will he fight but the very
  90
  … Page 91…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  people who; by keeping up the friction; have rubbed Aladdin's ring so hard
  and   so   long   that   a   Djinn;   by   no   means   kindly   disposed   towards   them;
  bursts forth at last to avenge the breaking of his sleep?'
  And; of course; should hostilities flare up again on the Polish frontier;
  should   the   lions   and   lambs   and   jackals   and   eagles   of   Kossack;   Russian;
  Ukrainian and Polish   nationalists temporarily join   forces; no miracles of
  diplomacy will keep them from coming to blows。                     For all these reasons a
  military   collapse   of   the   Soviet   Government   at   the   present   time;   even   a
  concerted military advance of its enemies; is unlikely。
  It is undoubtedly true that the food situation in the towns is likely to
  be worse this winter than it has yet been。               Forcible attempts to get food
  from the peasantry will increase   the existing hostility between town and
  country。      There has been a very bad harvest in Russia。                 The bringing of
  food   from   Siberia   or   the   Kuban   (if   military   activities   do   not   make   that
  impossible)   will   impose   an   almost   intolerable   strain   on   the   inadequate
  transport。      Yet I think internal collapse unlikely。            It may be said almost
  with certainty that Governments do not collapse until there is no one left
  to defend them。        That moment had arrived in the case of the
  Tsar。    It had arrived in the case of Kerensky。             It has not arrived in the
  case   of   the   Soviet   Government   for       certain   obvious   reasons。       For    one
  thing; a collapse of the Soviet Government at the present time would be
  disconcerting; if not disastrous; to its more respectable enemies。                   It would;
  of course; open the way to a practically unopposed military advance; but at
  the same time it would present its enemies with enormous territory; which
  would   overwhelm   the   organizing   powers   which   they   have   shown   again
  and   again     to  be   quite  inadequate      to   much    smaller    tasks。   Nor    would
  collapse   of   the   present   Government   turn   a   bad   harvest   into   a   good   one。
  Such a collapse would mean the breakdown of all existing organizations;
  and     would     intensify    the   horrors    of  famine     for   every    town    dweller。
  Consequently;   though   the   desperation   of   hunger   and   resentment   against
  inevitable      requisitions     may     breed    riots   and    revolts   here    and    there
  throughout       the   country;    the  men     who;    in  other   circumstances;       might
  coordinate such events; will refrain from doing anything of the sort。                     I do
  not say that collapse is impossible。             I do say that it would be extremely
  91
  … Page 92…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  undesirable       from    the   point   of   view    of   almost    everybody       in  Russia。
  Collapse of th