第 28 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
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  Soviet   Russia   is   attacked;   no   serious   growth   of   non…partyism   is   to   be
  expected;  but   it   is   obvious   that   any  act   of   aggression   on   the   part   of   the
  Soviet Government;   once   Russia had   attained               peace…which   she   has   not
  known since 1914…would provide just the basis of angry discontent which
  might divide even the disciplined ranks of the Communists and give non…
  partyism an active; instead of a comparatively passive; backing throughout
  the country。
  Non…partyism         is  already     the   peasants'    way     of   expressing      their
  aloofness   from   the   revolution   and;   at   the   same   time;   their   readiness   to
  defend      that   revolution     against    anybody      who    attacks    it  from    outside。
  Lenin;     talking    to  me   about    the   general    attitude   of   the  peasants;     said:
  〃Hegel wrote 'What is the People?                The people is that part of the nation
  which   does   not   know   what   it   wants。'   That   is   a   good   description   of   the
  Russian peasantry at the present time; and it applies equally well to your
  Arthur Hendersons and Sidney Webbs in England; and to all other people
  like    yourself      who     want    incompatible        things。     The      peasantry      are
  individualists;  but   they  support us。          We   have;   in   some   degree;   to   thank
  Kolchak       and    Denikin      for   that。    They     are    in  favor    of   the    Soviet
  Government; but hanker after Free Trade; not understanding that the two
  things   are   self…contradictory。       Of   course;   if   they   were   a   united   political
  force they could swamp us; but they are disunited both in their interests
  and geographically。          The interests of the poorer and middle class peasants
  are in
  contradiction to those of the rich peasant farmer who employs laborers。
  The   poorer   and   middle   class   see   that   we   support   them   against   the   rich
  peasant; and also see that he is ready to support what is obviously not in
  their interests。〃      I said; 〃If State agriculture in Russia comes to be on a
  larger scale; will there not be a sort of proletarianization of the peasants so
  that; in the long run; their interests will come to be more or less identical
  with those of the workers in other than agricultural industry!〃                    He replied;
  〃Something in that direction is being done; but it will have to be done very
  carefully   and   must   take   a   very   long   time。     When   we   are   getting   many
  thousands       of  tractors   from    abroad;     then   something      of   the  sort   would
  become   possible。〃        Finally  I   asked   him  point   blank;  〃Did he think   they
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  would pull through far enough economically to be able to satisfy the needs
  of the peasantry before that same peasantry had organized a real political
  opposition   that   should   overwhelm   them!〃   Lenin   laughed。            〃If   I   could
  answer   that   question;〃   he   said;   〃I   could   answer   everything;   for   on   the
  answer   to   that   question   everything   depends。       I   think   we   can。   Yes;   I
  think we can。      But I do not know that we can。〃
  Non…partyism       may    well   be   the  protoplasmic      stage   of  the   future
  political opposition of the peasants。
  POSSIBILITIES
  I have done my best to indicate the essential facts in Russia's problem
  today;   and   to   describe   the   organization   and   methods   with   which   she   is
  attempting   its   solution。     I   can   give   no   opinion   as   to   whether   by   these
  means the Russians will succeed in finding their way out of the quagmire
  of industrial ruin in which they are involved。             I can only say that they are
  unlikely     to  find  their   way    out  by   any   other   means。     I   think   this  is
  instinctively  felt   in   Russia。   Not   otherwise   would  it   have   been   possible
  for the existing
  organization; battling with one hand to save the towns front starvation;
  to destroy with the other the various forces clothed and armed by Western
  Europe; which have attempted its undoing。                The mere fact of continued
  war has; of course; made progress in the solution of the economic problem
  almost impossible; but the fact that the economic problem was unsolved;
  must   have   made   war   impossible;   if   it   were   not   that   the   instinct   of   the
  people was definitely against Russian or foreign invaders。                  Consider for
  one moment the military position。
  Although the  enthusiasm for  the  Polish war began to   subside  (even
  among the Communists) as soon as the Poles had been driven back from
  Kiev to their own frontiers; although the Poles are occupying an enormous
  area    of   non…Polish     territory;   although    the   Communists       have    had    to
  conclude with Poland a peace obviously unstable; the military position of
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  Soviet Russia is infinitely better this time than it was in 1918 or 1919。 In
  1918 the Ukraine was held by German troops and the district east of the
  Ukraine  was   in   the  hands   of   General   Krasnov;   the  author   of   a   flattering
  letter to the Kaiser。      In the northwest the Germans were at Pskov; Vitebsk
  and Mohilev。        We ourselves were at Murmansk and Archangel。                      In the
  east; the front which became known as that of Kolchak; was on the Volga。
  Soviet Russia was a little hungry island with every prospect of submersion。
  A  year   later   the   Germans   had   vanished;   the   flatterers   of   the   Kaiser   had
  joined     hands    with   those    who    were    temporarily     flattering   the   Allies;
  Yudenitch's   troops   were   within   sight   of   Petrograd;   Denikin   was   at   Orel;
  almost within striking distance of Moscow; there had been a stampede of
  desertion   from   the   Red      Army。     There   was     danger   that   Finland    might
  strike at any moment。         Although in the east Kolchak had been swept over
  the   Urals   to   his   ultimate   disaster;   the   situation   of   Soviet   Russia   seemed
  even more desperate than in the year before。               What is the position today!
  Esthonia; Latvia; Lithuania; and Finland are at peace with Russia。                       The
  Polish peace brings comparative   quiet to the western   front; although   the
  Poles;   keeping   the   letter   rather   than   the   spirit   of   their   agreement;   have
  given Balahovitch the opportunity of establishing himself in Minsk; where;
  it is said; that the pogroms of unlucky Jews show that
  he has learnt nothing since his ejection from Pskov。
  Balahovitch's   force   is   not   important   in   itself;   but   its   existence   will
  make it easy to start the war afresh along the whole new frontier of Poland;
  and that frontier shuts into Poland so large an anti…Polish population; that a
  moment       may    still  come    when     desperate    Polish    statesmen     may    again
  choose war as the least of many threatening evils。                Still; for the moment;
  Russia's   western   frontier is   comparatively  quiet。   Her   northern   frontier   is
  again the Arctic Sea。         Her eastern frontier is in the neighborhood of the
  Pacific。     The Ukraine is disorderly; but occupied by no enemy; the only
  front on which serious fighting is proceeding is the small semi…circle north
  of the Crimea。        There Denikin's successor; supported by the French but
  exultantly described by a German conservative newspaper as a 〃German
  baron in Cherkass uniform;〃 is holding the Crimea and a territory slightly
  larger    than    the  peninsula     on   the   main    land。   Only     to   the  immense
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  efficiency      of  anti…Bolshevik       propaganda      can   be   ascribed     the  opinion;
  common in England but comic to any one who takes the trouble to look at
  a map; that Soviet Russia is on the eve of military collapse。
  In   any   case   it   is   easy   in   a   revolution   to   magnify   the   influence   of
  military events on internal affairs。           In the first place; no one who has not
  actually crossed the Russian front during the period o