第 30 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  undesirable       from    the   point   of   view    of   almost    everybody       in  Russia。
  Collapse of the present Government would mean at best a reproduction of
  the circumstances of 1917;  with the difference  that no intervention  from
  without would be necessary to stimulate indiscriminate slaughter  within。
  I   say   〃at   best〃   because   I   think   it   more   likely   that   collapse   would     be
  followed by a period of actual chaos。              Any Government that followed the
  Communists would be faced by the same economic problem; and would
  have     to   choose     between      imposing      measures      very   like   those    of   the
  Communists          and    allowing     Russia     to   subside     into   a   new     area   for
  colonization。   There   are   people   who   look   upon   this   as   a   natural;   even   a
  desirable;   result   of   the   revolution。      They   forget   that   the   Russians   have
  never   been   a   subject   race;   that   they   have   immense   powers   of   passive
  resistance; that they respond very readily to any idea that they understand;
  and that the idea of revolt against foreigners is difficult not to understand。
  Any country that takes advantage of the Russian people in a moment of
  helplessness will find; sooner or later; first that it has united Russia against
  it;   and   secondly   that   it   has   given   all   Russians   a   single   and   undesirable
  view of the history of the last three years。                There will not be a Russian
  who will not believe that the artificial incubation of
  civil    war   within    the   frontiers    of  old   Russia     was    not   deliberately
  undertaken by Western Europe with the object of so far weakening Russia
  as to make her exploitation easy。 Those who look with equanimity even on
  this    prospect     forget   that   the   creation    in   Europe     of   a  new     area   for
  colonization; a knocking out of one of the sovereign nations; will create a
  vacuum;   and   that   the   effort   to   fill   this   vacuum   will   set   at   loggerheads
  nations at present friendly and so produce a struggle which may well do
  for Western Europe what Western Europe will have done for Russia。
  It is of course possible that in some such way the Russian Revolution
  may   prove   to   be     no   more   than   the   last   desperate   gesture   of   a   stricken
  civilization。      My point is that if that is so; civilization in Russia will not
  die   without   infecting   us   with   its   disease。    It   seems   to   me   that   our   own
  civilization is ill already; slightly demented perhaps; and liable; like a man
  in delirium; to do things which tend to aggravate the malady。                      I think that
  the   whole   of   the   Russian   war;   waged   directly   or   indirectly   by   Western
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  Europe; is an example of this sort of dementia; but I cannot help believing
  that sanity will reassert itself in time。          At the present moment; to use a
  modification of Gusev's metaphor; Europe may be compared to a burning
  house and the Governments of Europe to fire brigades; each one engaged
  in trying to salve a wing or a room of the building。                 It seems a pity that
  these fire brigades should be fighting each other; and forgetting the fire in
  their resentment of the fact that some of them wear red uniforms and some
  wear   blue。     Any   single   room   to   which   the   fire   gains   complete   control
  increases the danger of the whole building; and I hope that before the roof
  falls in the firemen will come to their senses。
  But    turning    from     grim    recognition     of   the    danger;    and    from
  speculations as to the chance of the Russian Government collapsing; and
  as to the changes in it that time may bring; let us consider what is likely to
  happen   supposing   it   does   not   collapse。     I  have  already  said   that   I   think
  collapse unlikely。       Do the Russians show any signs of being able to carry
  out their programme; or has the fire gone so far during the quarrelling of
  the firemen as to make that task impossible?
  I think that there is still a hope。        There is as yet no sign of a general
  improvement   in   Russia;   nor   is   such   an   improvement   possible   until   the
  Russians have at least carried out the first stage of their programme。                     It
  would even not be surprising if things in general were to continue to go to
  the bad during the carrying out of that first stage。              Shortages of food; of
  men; of tools; of materials; are so acute that they have had to choose those
  factories   which   are   absolutely   indispensable   for   the   carrying   out   of   this
  stage; and make of them 〃shock〃 factories; like the 〃shock〃 troops of the
  war;   giving   them   equipment   over   and   above   their   rightful   share   of   the
  impoverished   stock;   feeding   their   workmen   even   at   the   cost   of   letting
  others go hungry。        That means that other factories suffer。           No matter; say
  the Russians; if only that first stage makes progress。                Consequently; the
  only test that can be fairly applied is that of transport。               Are they or are
  they not gaining on ruin in the matter of wagons and engines! Here are the
  figures of wagon repairs in the seven chief repairing shops up to the month
  of June:
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  December         1919。。。。。。。。。。。。475      wagons        were      repaired。      January
  1920。。。。。。。。。。。。。656           February。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。697         March。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。1104
  April。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。1141 May。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。1154 June。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。1161
  After     elaborate     investigation      last   year;    Trotsky;     as   temporary
  Commissar of Transport; put out an order explaining that the railways; to
  keep   up   their   present   condition;   must   repair   roughly   800   engines   every
  month。      During the first six months of 1920 they fulfilled this task in the
  following percentages:
  January。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。32         per          cent         February。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。50
  March。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。66
  April。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。78 May。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。98 June。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。104
  I  think    that   is  a  proof    that;  supposing      normal     relations    existed
  between Russia and ourselves; the Russian would be able to tackle the first
  stage   of   the   problem   that   lies   before   them;   and   would   lie   before   them
  whatever   their   Government   might   be。           Unfortunately   there   is   no   proof
  that this steady improvement can be continued; except under conditions of
  trade with Western Europe。             There are Russians who think they can pull
  through      without    us;   and;   remembering        the   miracles    of   which    man    is
  capable when his back is to the wall; it would be rash to say that this is
  impossible。       But   other  Russians   point   out   gloomily  that   they  have been
  using certain parts taken from dead engines (engines past repair) in order
  to mend sick engines。           They are now coming to the mending; not of sick
  engines merely; but of engines on which post…mortems have already been
  held。     They   are   actually   mending   engines;   parts   of   which   have   already
  been   taken   out   and   used   for   the   mending   of   other   engines。       There   are
  consequently abnormal demands for such things as shafts and piston rings。
  They are particularly short of Babbitt metal and boiler tubes。                      In normal
  times     the  average     number      of  new    tubes    wanted     for  each    engine    put
  through the  repair   shops   was 25   (10   to 15   for  engines used in the  more
  northerly districts; and 30 to 40 for engines in the south where the water is
  not so good)。        This number must now be taken as much higher; because
  during recent years tubes have not been regularly renewed。                       Further; the
  railways have been widely making use of tubes taken from dead engines;
  that    is  to  say;  tubes   already   worn。      Putting     things    at  their  very    best;
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  assuming   that   the   average   demand   for   tubes   per   engine   will   be   that   of
  normal times; then; if 1;000 engines are to be repaired monthly; 150;000
  tubes will be wanted every six months。             N