第 23 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9320
  tendencies to practical anarchism belonging to my race;
  should   certainly   object   most   strongly   if   I   were   mobilized   and   set   to
  work in a particular factory; and might even want to work in some other
  factory just for the sake of not doing what I was forced to do。                   Trotsky
  replied: 〃You would now。 But you would not if you had been through a
  revolution;   and   seen   your   country   in   such   a   state   that   only   the   united;
  concentrated effort of everybody could possibly reestablish it。               That is the
  position here。      Everybody knows the position and that there is no other
  way。〃
  WHAT THE COMMUNISTS ARE
  TRYING TO DO IN RUSSIA
  We   come   now   to   the   Communist   plans   for   reconstruction。   We   have
  seen; in the first two chapters; something of the appalling paralysis which
  is the most striking factor in the economic problem to…day。               We have seen
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  how   Russia   is   suffering   from  a   lack   of   things   and   from  a   lack   of   labor;
  how these two shortages react on each other; and how nothing but a vast
  improvement   in   transport   can   again   set   in   motion   what   was   one   of   the
  great     food…producing         machines      of   the    world。     We      have    also    seen
  something   of   the   political   organization   which;   with   far   wider   ambitions
  before   it;   is   at   present   struggling   to   prevent   temporary   paralysis   from
  turning     into   permanent       atrophy。     We     have    seen    that   it  consists    of  a
  political   party   so    far   dominant   that   the   Trades   Unions   and         all   that  is
  articulate   in   the   country   may   be   considered   as        part   of   a   machinery   of
  propaganda;        for   getting    those    things    done    which     that   political    party
  considers should be done。             In a country fighting; literally; for its life; no
  man can call his soul his own; and we have seen how this fact…a fact that
  has become obvious again and again in the history of the world; whenever
  a   nation   has   had   its   back   to   the   wall…is   expressed   in   Russia   in   terms   of
  industrial     conscription;       in  measures;      that   is  to   say;   which     would     be
  impossible   in   any   country   not   reduced   to   such   extremities;   in   measures
  which   may   prove   to   be   the   inevitable   accompaniment   of   national   crisis;
  when such crisis is
  economic   rather   than   military。         Let   us   now   see   what   the   Russians;
  with that machinery at their disposal are trying to do。
  It   is   obvious   that   since   this   machinery   is   dominated   by   a   political
  party;    it  will   be   impossible      to  understand      the   Russian     plans;    without
  understanding   that   particular  political   party's   estimate   of   the  situation   in
  general。      It   is  obvious     that  the   Communist        plans    for  Russia     must    be
  largely affected by their view of Europe as a whole。                    This view is gloomy
  in the extreme。        The Communists believe that Europe is steadily shaking
  itself   to   pieces。    They  believe   that   this process   has   already  gone   so   far
  that;   even   given   good   will   on   the   part   of   European   Governments;   the
  manufacturers   of   Western   countries   are   already   incapable   of   supplying
  them with all the things which Russia was importing before the war; still
  less make up the enormous arrears which have resulted from six years of
  blockade。       They do not agree with M。 Clemenceau that 〃revolution is a
  disease attacking defeated countries only。〃                 Or; to put it as I have heard it
  stated in Moscow; they believe that President Wilson's aspiration towards
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  a peace in which should be neither conqueror nor conquered has been at
  least partially realized in the sense that every country ended the struggle
  economically   defeated;   with   the   possible   exception   of   America;   whose
  signature;      after  all;  is  still  to  be   ratified。   They    believe     that  even    in
  seemingly prosperous countries the seeds of economic disaster are already
  fertilized。     They think that the demands of labor will become greater and
  more   difficult   to   fulfill   until   at   last   they   become   incompatible   with   a
  continuance of the capitalist system。               They think that strike after strike;
  irrespective   of   whether   it   is   successful   or   not;   will   gradually   widen   the
  cracks and flaws already apparent in the damaged economic structure of
  Western Europe。          They believe that conflicting interests will involve our
  nations   in    new    national   wars;   and     that   each   of  these   will   deepen     the
  cleavage between capital and labor。                They think that even if exhaustion
  makes      mutual     warfare     on   a  large   scale   impossible;      these    conflicting
  interests      will   produce      such     economic       conflicts;     such    refusals     of
  cooperation;   as   will   turn   exhaustion   to   despair。      They   believe;   to   put   it
  briefly;   that   Russia   has   passed   through   the   worst   stages   of   a   process   to
  which every country in Europe will be submitted in turn by
  its desperate and embittered inhabitants。              We may disagree with them;
  but   we   shall   not   understand   them   if   we   refuse   to   take   that   belief   into
  account。      If;   as  they   imagine;     the   next   five   years   are   to  be   years   of
  disturbance and growing resolution; Russia will get very little from abroad。
  If; for example; there is to be a serious struggle in England; Russia will get
  practically nothing。         They not only believe that these things are going to
  be; but make the logical deductions as to the effect of such disturbances on
  their own chances of importing what they need。                   For example; Lenin said
  to   me   that   〃the   shock   of   revolution   in   England   would   ensure   the   final
  defeat of capitalism;〃 but he said at the same time that it would be felt at
  once     throughout      the   world     and   cause     such   reverberations       as   would
  paralyze   industry   everywhere。          And   that   is   why;   although   Russia   is   an
  agricultural      country;    the   Communist        plans    for  her   reconstruction       are
  concerned   first   of   all   not   with   agriculture;   but   with   industry。     In   their
  schemes for the future of the world; Russia's part is that of a gigantic farm;
  but   in   their   schemes   for   the   immediate   future   of   Russia;   their   eyes   are
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  fixed continually on the nearer object of making her so far self…supporting
  that; even if Western Europe is unable to help them; they may be able to
  crawl out of their economic difficulties; as Krassin put it to me before he
  left Moscow; 〃if necessary on all fours; but somehow or other; crawl out。〃
  Some idea of the larger ambitions of the Communists with regard to
  the development of Russia are given in a conversation with Rykov; which
  follows   this   chapter。    The   most   important   characteristic   of   them   is   that
  they are ambitions which cannot but find an echo in Russians of any kind;
  quite    regardless    of  their  political   convictions。     The     old  anomalies     of
  Russian industry; for example; the distances of the industrial districts from
  their sources of fuel and raw material are to be done away with。                     These
  anomalies were largely due to historical accidents; such as the caprice of
  Peter    the   Great;   and   not   to  any   economic      reasons。    The     revolution;
  destructive   as    it  has   been;  has   at   least  cleaned   the   slate  and  made    it
  possible; if it is possible to rebuild at all; to rebuild Russia on foundations
  laid by common sense。           It may be said that the Communists are merely
  doing flamboyantly and with a lot of flag…waving;
  what   any   other   Russian   Government   would   be   doing   in   their   place。
  And without the flamboyance and the flag…waving; it is doubtful whether
  in an exhausted country; it would be possible to get anything done at all。
  The   result