第 22 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9320
  given them; and later made a practice of going to the railway yards and in
  inspecting 〃sick〃 wagons for themselves; taking out any that they thought
  had a chance even of temporary convalescence。                  Incidentally they caused
  great scandal by finding in the Smolensk sidings among the locomotives
  and    wagons      supposed     to  be   sick   six  good    locomotives      and    seventy
  perfectly   healthy   wagons。       Then   they   began   to   improve   the   feeding   of
  their army by sending the wood they
  had cut; in   the trains they  had mended; to people who wanted   wood
  and could give them  provisions。            One such  train went   to Turkestan   and
  back from the army near Smolensk。 Their work continually increased; and
  since they had to remember that they were an army and not merely a sort
  of   nomadic   factory;   they   began   themselves   to   mobilize;   exclusively   for
  purposes   of   work;   sections   of   the   civil   population。    I   asked   Unshlicht;
  who had much to do with this organization; if the peasants came willingly。
  He   said;  〃Not   very;〃   but   added   that   they  did not   mind   when they  found
  that they  got   well   fed and   were  given packets of salt   as prizes   for  good
  work。     〃The peasants;〃 he said; 〃do not grumble against the Government
  when      it  shows    the  sort   of  common       sense   that   they   themselves      can
  understand。       We found that when we said definitely how many carts and
  men   a   village   must   provide;   and   used   them   without   delay   for   a   definite
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  purpose; they were perfectly satisfied and considered it right and proper。
  In every case; however; when they saw people being mobilized and sent
  thither without obvious purpose or result; they became hostile at once。〃                    I
  asked Unshlicht how it was that their army still contained skilled workmen
  when one  of the  objects of industrial conscription   was to   get the skilled
  workmen back into the factories。             He said: 〃We have an accurate census
  of the army; and when we get asked for skilled workmen for such and such
  a factory; they go there knowing that they still belong to the army。〃
  That; of course; is the army point of view; and indicates one of the
  main     squabbles     which    industrial    conscription     has   produced。     Trotsky
  would like the various armies to turn into units of a territorial militia; and
  at the same time to be an important part of the labor organization of each
  district。   His   opponents   do   not   regard   the   labor   armies   as   a   permanent
  manifestation; and many have gone so far as to say that the productivity of
  labor   in   one   of   these   armies   is   lower   than   among   ordinary   workmen。
  Both sides produce figures on this point; and Trotsky goes so far as to say
  that if his opponents are right; then not only are labor armies damned; but
  also the whole principle of industrial conscription。              〃If compulsory labor…
  independently of social condition…is unproductive; that is a condemnation
  not of the labor
  armies;   but   of   industrial   conscription   in   general;   and   with   it   of   the
  whole   Soviet   system;   the   further   development   of   which   is   unthinkable
  except on a basis of universal industrial conscription。〃
  But; of course; the question of the permanence of the labor armies is
  not so important as the question of getting the skilled workers back to the
  factories。     The   comparative   success   or   failure   of   soldiers   or   mobilized
  peasants in cutting wood is quite irrelevant to this recovery of the vanished
  workmen。        And that recovery will take time; and will be entirely useless
  unless it is possible to feed these workers when they have been collected。
  There have already been several attempts; not wholly successful; to collect
  the straying   workers   of  particular   industries。       Thus;  after  the  freeing   of
  the oil…wells from the Whites; there was a general mobilization of naphtha
  workers。      Many of these had bolted on or after the arrival of Krasnov or
  Denikin and gone far into Central Russia; settling where they could。                      So
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  months passed before the Red Army definitely pushed the area of civil war
  beyond the oil…wells; that many of these refugees had taken new root and
  were unwilling to return。           I believe; that in spite of the mobilization; the
  oil…wells   are   still   short   of   men。   In   the   coal   districts   also;   which   have
  passed through similar experiences; the proportion of skilled to unskilled
  labor   is   very   much   smaller   than   it   was   before   the   war。  There   have   also
  been   two   mobilizations   of   railway   workers;   and   these;   I   think;   may   be
  partly   responsible   for   the   undoubted   improvement   noticeable   during   the
  year; although this is partly at least due to other things beside conscription。
  In   the   first  place   Trotsky     carried   with    him   into   the   Commissariat       of
  Transport       the   same      ferocious     energy     that    he   has    shown      in   the
  Commissariat of War; together with the prestige that he had gained there。
  Further;   he   was   well   able   in   the   councils   of   the   Republic   to   defend   the
  needs of his particular Commissariat against those of all others。                    He was;
  for example able   to persuade the   Communist Party to   treat the   transport
  crisis precisely as they had treated each crisis on the front…that is to say; to
  mobilize great numbers of professed Communists to meet it; giving them
  in this case the especial task of getting engines mended and; somehow or
  other; of keeping trains on the
  move。
  But neither the bridges mended and the wood cut by the labor armies;
  nor   the   improvement   in   transport;   are   any   final   proof   of   the   success   of
  industrial conscription。         Industrial conscription in the proper sense of the
  words is   impossible until   a   Government knows   what   it has   to   conscript。
  A beginning was made early this year by the introduction of labor books;
  showing what work people were doing and where; and serving as a kind of
  industrial   passports。       But   in   April   this   year   these   had   not   yet   become
  general   in   Moscow   although   the   less   unwieldy   population   of   Petrograd
  was already supplied with them。               It will be long even if it is possible at
  all; before any       considerable proportion of the people not living in these
  two cities are registered in this way。            A more useful step was taken at the
  end of August; in a general census throughout Russia。 There has been no
  Russian census   since   1897。          There   was   to   have   been   another  about   the
  time     the  war    began。    It  was    postponed      for   obvious     reasons。     If   the
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  Communists   carry  through   the   census   with   even   moderate   success   (they
  will of course have to meet every kind of evasion); they will at least get
  some     of   the  information     without    which     industrial   conscription     on   a
  national scale must be little more than a farce。             The census should show
  them     where    the   skilled   workers    are。   Industrial     conscription     should
  enable   them   to   collect   them   and   put   them   at   their   own   skilled   work。
  Then if; besides transplanting them; they are able to feed them; it will be
  possible   to   judge   of   the   success   or   failure   of   a   scheme   which   in   most
  countries would bring a Government toppling to the ground。
  〃In   most   countries〃;    yes;  but   then   the  economic     crisis  has   gone
  further   in   Russia   than   in   most   countries。   There   is   talk   of   introducing
  industrial conscription (one year's service) in Germany; where things have
  not    gone    nearly    so   far。  And     perhaps     industrial   conscription;     like
  Communism itself; becomes a thing of desperate hope only in a country
  actually   face   to   face   with   ruin。  I   remember   saying   to   Trotsky;   when
  talking     of  possible    opposition;     that  I;  as   an  Englishman;       with   the
  tendencies to practical anarchism belonging to my race;
  should   certainly   object   most   strongly