第 24 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9320
  in an exhausted country; it would be possible to get anything done at all。
  The   result   of   this   is   that   in   their   work   of   economic   reconstruction   the
  Communists        get   the  support    of  most   of  the   best  engineers     and   other
  technicians   in   the   country;   men   who   take   no   interest   whatsoever   in   the
  ideas of Karl Marx; but have a professional interest in doing the best they
  can    with    their  knowledge;      and   a   patriotic   satisfaction    in  using   that
  knowledge for Russia。          These men; caring not at all about Communism;
  want to make Russia once more a comfortably habitable place; no matter
  under what Government。            Their attitude is precisely comparable to that of
  the officers of the old army who have contributed so much to the success
  of the new。      These officers were not Communists; but they disliked civil
  war; and fought to put an end of it。         As Sergei Kamenev; the Commander…
  in…Chief; and not a Communist; said to me; 〃I have not looked on the civil
  war as on a struggle between two political ideas; for the Whites have no
  definite    idea。   I   have   considered     it  simply   as  a  struggle   between     the
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  Russian   Government   and   a   number   of   mutineers。〃   Precisely  so   do   these
  〃bourgeois〃   technicians   now   working   throughout   Russia   regard   the   task
  before   them。   It   will   be   small   satisfaction   to   them   if   famine   makes   the
  position   of  any  Government   impossible。           For  them  the  struggle is quite
  simply      a  struggle    between     Russia     and   the   economic      forces    tending
  towards a complete collapse of civilization。
  The Communists have thus practically the                whole intelligence of the
  country to help them in their task of reconstruction; or of salvage。                     But
  the    educated    classes    alone   cannot     save   a  nation。    Muscle      is  wanted
  besides   brain;   and   the   great   bulk   of   those   who   can   provide   muscle   are
  difficult    to  move     to  enthusiasm      by   any   broad    schemes     of   economic
  rearrangement that do not promise immediate improvement in their own
  material conditions。        Industrial conscription cannot be enforced in Russia
  unless     there   is  among     the   conscripted      themselves     an   understanding;
  although a resentful understanding; of its necessity。                 The Russians have
  not got an army of Martians to enforce effort on an alien
  people。     The army and the people are one。             〃We are bound to admit;〃
  says Trotsky; 〃that no wide industrial mobilization will succeed; if we do
  not capture all that is honorable; spiritual in the peasant working masses in
  explaining      our   plan。〃   And     the  plan   that   he   referred   to   was   not   the
  grandiose (but obviously sensible) plan for the eventual electrification of
  all Russia; but a programme of the struggle before them in actually getting
  their   feet   clear   of   the   morass   of   industrial   decay   in   which   they   are   at
  present involved。        Such   a programme   has   actually  been   decided   upon…a
  programme the definite object of which is to reconcile the workers to work
  not   simply   hand   to   mouth;   each   for   himself;   but   to   concentrate   first   on
  those   labors   which   will   eventually   bring   their   reward   in   making   other
  labors easier and improving the position as a whole。
  Early this year a comparatively unknown Bolshevik called Gusev; to
  whom nobody had attributed any particular intelligence; wrote; while busy
  on the staff of an army on the southeast front; which was at the time being
  used partly  as   a   labor   army;  a   pamphlet   which has   had   an   extraordinary
  influence in getting such a programme drawn up。                   The pamphlet is based
  on Gusev's personal observation both of a labor army at work and of the
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  attitude of the peasant towards industrial conscription。                 It was extremely
  frank; and contained so much that might have been used by hostile critics;
  that it was not published in the ordinary way but printed at the army press
  on    the   Caucasian      front   and    issued    exclusively     to   members      of   the
  Communist Party。          I got hold of a copy of this pamphlet through a friend。
  It is called 〃Urgent Questions of Economic Construction。〃Gusev sets out
  in   detail   the   sort   of   opposition   he   had   met;   and   says:   〃The   Anarchists;
  Social   Revolutionaries   and   Mensheviks   have   a   clear;   simple   economic
  plan which the great masses can understand: 'Go about your own business
  and work freely for yourself in your own place。'               They have a criticism of
  labor mobilizations equally clear for the masses。               They say to them; 'They
  are   putting   Simeon   in   Peter's   place;   and   Peter   in   Simeon's。     They   are
  sending     the   men    of  Saratov    to  dig   the  ground     in  the  Government       of
  Stavropol; and the Stavropol men to the Saratov Government for the same
  purpose。'     Then besides that there is 'nonparty' criticism:
  'When it is time to sow they will be shifting muck; and when it is time
  to   reap   they   will   be   told  to   cut  timber。'   That    is  a  particularly    clear
  expression   of   the   peasants'   disbelief   in   our   ability   to   draw   up   a   proper
  economic plan。         This belief is clearly at the bottom of such questions as;
  'Comrade Gusev; have you ever done any plowing?' or 'Comrade Orator;
  do you know anything about peasant work?'                   Disbelief in the townsman
  who understands nothing about peasants is natural to the peasant; and we
  shall have to conquer it; to get through it; to get rid of it by showing the
  peasant; with a clear plan in our hands that he can understand; that we are
  not   altogether   fools   in   this   matter   and   that   we   understand   more   than   he
  does。〃     He     then   sets  out   the   argument     which     he  himself    had    found
  successful   in   persuading   the   peasants   to   do   things   the   reward   for   which
  would not be obvious the moment they were done。                    He says; 〃I compared
  our State economy to a colossal building with scores of stories and tens of
  thousands      of  rooms。     The     whole    building    has   been    half  smashed;     in
  places the roof has tumbled down; the beams have rotted; the ceilings are
  tumbling;   the   drains   and   water   pipes   are   burst;   the   stoves   are   falling   to
  pieces; the partitions are shattered; and; finally; the walls and foundations
  are unsafe and the whole building is threatened with collapse。                      I  asked;
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  how; must one set about the repair of this building?                    With what kind of
  economic plan?          To this question the inhabitants of different stories; and
  even   of   different   rooms   on   one   and   the   same   story  will   reply   variously。
  Those who live on the           top floor will shout that the rafters are rotten and
  the roof falling; that it is impossible to live; there any longer; and that it is
  immediately necessary; first of all; to put up new beams and to repair the
  roof。     And      from    their   point    of  view     they   will   be    perfectly    right。
  Certainly it is not possible to live any longer on that floor。                 Certainly the
  repair of the roof is necessary。 The inhabitants of one of the lower stories
  in which the water pipes have burst will cry out that it is impossible to live
  without water; and therefore; first of all; the water pipes must be mended。
  And they; from their point of view; will be perfectly right; since it certainly
  is impossible to live   without water。            The inhabitants of the   floor   where
  the stoves have fallen to pieces will insist on an immediate mending of the
  stoves;   since   they   and   their   children   are   dying   of   cold   because   there   is
  nothing on which they can heat up water or
  boil kasha   for the   children;   and   they;   too;  will be   quite   right。  But   in
  spite of all these just demands; which arrive in thousands from all sides; it
  is   impossible   to   forget   the   most   important   of   all;   that   the   foundation   is
  shattered