第 21 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  object is to be the reestablishment of through traffic between Moscow and
  Ekaterinburg       and    the  repair    of  the   Kazan…Ekaterinburg         line;  which
  particularly   suffered     during    the  war。   An     attempt   was    to  be  made    to
  rebuild    the   bridge    over   the  Kama     River    before   the   ice  melts。    The
  Commander of the Reserve Army was appointed Commissar of the eastern
  part of the Moscow…Kazan railway; retaining his position as Commander
  of the Army。 With a view of coordination between the Army Soviet and
  the    railway   authorities;    a  member      of  the   Soviet   was    also   appointed
  Commissar   of   the   railway。      On   January   25th   it   was   announced   that   a
  similar experiment was being made in the Ukraine。                  A month before the
  ice broke the first train
  actually crossed the Kama River by the rebuilt bridge。
  By April of this year the organization of industrial conscription had
  gone far beyond the original labor armies。 A decree of February 5th had
  created      a   Chief    Labor     Committee;       consisting     of   five    members;
  Serebryakov and Danilov; from the Commissariat of War; Vasiliev; from
  the Commissariat of the Interior; Anikst; from the Commissariat of Labor;
  Dzerzhinsky;   from   the   Commissariat   of   Internal   Affairs。         Dzerzhinsky
  was President; and his appointment was possibly made in the hope that the
  reputation   he   had   won   as   President   of   the   Extraordinary   Committee   for
  Fighting      Counter…Revolution        would     frighten    people    into   taking   this
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  Committee   seriously。         Throughout       the   country   in  each    government      or
  province similar committees; called 〃Troikas;〃 were created; each of three
  members; one from the Commissariat of War; one from the Department of
  Labor;   one   from  the   Department   of   Management;   in   each   case   from   the
  local    Commissariats        and    Departments       attached    to   the   local   Soviet。
  Representatives of the Central Statistical Office and its local organs had a
  right    to  be   present    at  the  meeting     of  these    committees      of  three;   or
  〃Troikas;〃   but   had   not   the   right   to   vote。 An   organization   or   a   factory
  requiring labor; was to apply to the Labor Department of the local Soviet。
  This Department was supposed to do its best to satisfy demands upon it by
  voluntary methods first。          If these proved insufficient they were to apply
  to   the   local   〃Troika;〃   or   Labor   Conscription   Committee。        If   this   found
  that its resources also were insufficient; it was to refer back the request to
  the    Labor    Department      of  the   Soviet;   which    was    then   to  apply    to  its
  corresponding   Department   in   the   Government   Soviet;   which   again;   first
  voluntarily      and   then    through     the   Government       Committee       of   Labor
  Conscription; was to try to satisfy the demands。               I fancy the object of this
  arrangement was to prevent local 〃Troikas〃 from referring to Government
  〃Troikas;〃   and   so   directly  to   Dzerzhinsky's   Central   Committee。          If   they
  had   been   able   to   do   this   there  would   obviously  have   been   danger   lest   a
  new network of independent and powerful organizations should be formed。
  Experience       with    the   overgrown       and    insuppressible      Committees       for
  Fighting      Counter…Revolution         had   taught    people    how     serious    such   a
  development might be。
  Such was   the  main outline  of the scheme for  conscripting labor。                   A
  similar   scheme   was   prepared   for   superintending   and   safeguarding   labor
  when conscripted。         In every factory of over 1;000 workmen; clerks; etc。;
  there was formed a Commission (to distinguish it from the Committee) of
  Industrial   Conscription。       Smaller   factories   shared   such   Commissions   or
  were     joined     for  the    purpose     to   larger   factories    near    by。    These
  Commissions were to be under the direct control of a Factory Committee;
  thereby   preventing   squabbles   between   conscripted   and   non…conscripted
  labor。 They were to be elected for six months; but their members could be
  withdrawn   and   replaced   by  the   Factory  Committee   with   the   approval   of
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  the   local   〃Troika。〃   These   Commissions;   like   the   〃Troikas;〃   consisted   of
  three   members:   (1)   from   the   management   of   the   factory;   (2)   from   the
  Factory Committee; (3) from the Executive Committee of the workers。 (It
  was suggested in the directions that one of these should be from the group
  which   〃has   been   organizing   'Saturdayings;'   that   is   to   say   that   he   or   she
  should be a Communist。)The payment of conscripted workers was to be by
  production; with prizes for specially good work。 Specially bad work was
  also     foreseen     in   the    detailed     scheme      of     possible      punishments。
  Offenders   were  to   be  brought before the 〃People's   Court〃   (equivalent   to
  the ordinary Civil Court); or; in the case of repeated or very bad offenses;
  were to be brought before the far more dreaded Revolutionary Tribunals。
  Six categories of possible offenses were placed upon the new code:
  (1)Avoiding         registration;      absenteeism;        or    desertion。      (2)The
  preparation of false documents or the use of such。 (3)Officials giving false
  information        to    facilitate    these    crimes。      (4)Purposeful       damage       of
  instruments or material。 (5)Uneconomical or careless work。 (6)(Probably
  the most serious of all) Instigation to any of these actions。
  The   〃Troikas〃   have   the   right   to   deal   administratively   with   the   less
  important   crimes   by   deprival   of   freedom   for   not   more   than   two   weeks。
  No   one   can   be   brought   to   trial   except   by   the   Committee   for   Industrial
  Conscription on the initiative of the responsible director of work; and with
  the approval either of the local labor inspection authorities or with that of
  the local Executive Committee。
  No   one   with   the   slightest   knowledge   of   Russia   will   suppose   for   a
  moment   that   this   elaborate   mechanism   sprang   suddenly   into   existence
  when   the   decree   was   signed。       On   the   contrary;   all   stages   of   industrial
  conscription exist simultaneously even today; and it would be possible by
  going from one part of Russia to another to collect a series of specimens of
  industrial conscription at every stage of evolution; just as one can collect
  all stages of man from a baboon to a company director or a Communist。
  Some of the more primitive kinds of conscription were not among the least
  successful。   For   example;   at   the   time(in   the   spring   of   the   year)when   the
  Russians still hoped that the Poles would be content with the huge area of
  non…Polish territory they had already seized; the army on the western front
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  was   without   any   elaborate   system   of   decrees   being   turned   into   a   labor
  army。      The     work    done    was    at  first  ordinary    country    work;    mainly
  woodcutting。 They  tried   to   collaborate   with   the   local   〃Troikas;〃   sending
  help    when     these   Committees       asked     for  it。   This;    however;     proved
  unsatisfactory;   so;   disregarding   the   〃Troikas;〃   they   organized   things   for
  themselves in the whole area immediately behind the front。                  They divided
  up the forests into definite districts; and they worked these with soldiers
  and    with    deserters。    Gradually      their   work    developed;     and   they   built
  themselves narrow…gauge railways for the  transport of the wood。                      Then
  they   needed   wagons   and   locomotives;   and   of   course   immediately   found
  themselves      at  loggerheads      with   the   railway   authorities。     Finally;    they
  struck a bargain with the railwaymen; and were allowed to take broken…
  down wagons which   the railway people  were not in   a position to   mend。
  Using such skilled labor as they had; they mended such wagons as were
  given them; and later made a practice of going to the railway yards and in
  inspecting 〃sick