第 5 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9319
  instance to the war and the isolation it imposed; has gone further in Russia
  than    elsewhere;     so   the  shortage     of  labor;   at  present    a  handicap;     an
  annoyance in more fortunate countries; is in Russia perhaps the greatest of
  the   national   dangers。     Shortage   of   labor   cannot   be   measured   simply   by
  the decreasing numbers of the workmen。                If it takes two workmen as long
  to do a particular job in 1920 as it took one man to do it in 1914; then;
  even if the     number of workman has remained the same; the actual supply
  of labor has been halved。          And in Russia the situation is worse than that。
  For example; in the group of State metal…working factories; those; in fact
  which may be considered as the weapon with which Russia is trying to cut
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  her way out of her transport difficulties; apart from the fact that there were
  in 19l6 81;600 workmen; whereas in 1920 there are only 42;500; labor has
  deteriorated   in   the   most   appalling   manner。  In   1916   in   these   factories   92
  per cent。 of the nominal working            hours were actually kept; in 1920 work
  goes   on   during   only  60   per   cent。  of   the   nominal   hours。   It   is   estimated
  that the labor of a single workman produces now only one quarter of what
  it   produced     in  1916。    To    take   another    example;     also   from    workmen
  engaged in transport; that is to say; in the most important of all work at the
  present   time:   in   the   Moscow   junction   of   the   Moscow   Kazan   Railway;
  between      November       1st  and   February     29th    (1920);   292    workmen      and
  clerks   missed   12;048   working   days;   being   absent;   on   in   average;   forty
  days per man in the four months。               In Moscow passenger…station on this
  line;   22   workmen   missed   in   November   106   days;   in   December   273;   in
  January 338; and in February 380; in an appalling
  crescendo      further    illustrated   by   the  wagon      department;     where     28
  workmen        missed    in   November       104   days    and   in   February     500。    In
  November   workmen   absented   themselves   for   single   days。             In   February
  the same   workmen   were   absent   for the   greater   part   of   the   month。        The
  invariable   excuse   was   illness。     Many  cases   of   illness   there   undoubtedly
  were; since this period was the worst of the typhus epidemic; but besides
  illness; and besides mere obvious idleness which no doubt accounts for a
  certain   proportion   of   illegitimate   holidays;   there   is   another   explanation
  which goes nearer the root of the matter。              Much of the time filched from
  the State was in all probability spent in expeditions in search of food。 In
  Petrograd;      the   Council    of   Public    Economy      complain      that  there   is  a
  tendency to   turn   the eight…hour  day  into   a four…hour day。            Attempts   are
  being     made     to   arrest   this  tendency      by   making     an   additional     food
  allowance conditional  on   the  actual   fulfilment   of   working days。             In   the
  Donetz coal basin; the monthly output per man was in 1914 750 poods; in
  1916   615   poods;   in   1919   240   poods   (figures   taken   from   Ekaterinoslav
  Government);        and    in  1920    theoutput     per   man    is  estimated     at  being
  something near 220 poods。 In the shale mines on the Volga; where food
  conditions   are   comparatively   good;   productivity   is   comparatively   high。
  Thus in a small mine near Simbirsk there are 230 workmen; of' whom 50
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  to 60 are skilled。      The output for the unskilled is 28。9 poods in a shift; for
  the skilled 68。3。      But even there 25 per cent。 of the workmen are regular
  absentees; and actually the mine works only 17 or 18 days in a month; that
  is; 70 per cent。 of the normal number of working days。                  The remaining 30
  per cent。 of normal working time is spent by the workmen in getting food。
  Another   small   mine   in   the   same   district   is   worked   entirely   by   unskilled
  labor; the wokers   being peasants   from the   neighboring villages。                 In   this
  mine   the   productivity   per   man   is   less;   but   all   the   men   work   full   time。
  They   do   not   have   to   waste   time   in   securing   food;   because;   being   local
  peasants;     they   are   supplied     by   their  own     villages   and    families。    In
  Moscow and Petrograd food is far more difficult to secure; more time is
  wasted on that hopeless task; even with that waste of time; the workman is
  not properly fed; and it cannot be wondered at that his productivity is low。
  Something; no doubt; is due to the natural character of the Russians;
  which led Trotsky to define man as an animal
  distinguished by laziness。          Russians are   certainly lazy; and   probably
  owe     to  their  climate    their   remarkable     incapacity   for    prolonged     effort。
  The   Russian   climate   is   such that   over   large   areas of   Russia   the   Russian
  peasant is accustomed; and has been accustomed for hundreds of years; to
  perform prodigies of labor during two short periods of sowing and harvest;
  and to spend the immensely long and monotonous winter in a hibernation
  like    that  of   the   snake    or  the   dormouse。       There     is  a  much     greater
  difference between a Russian workman's normal output and that of which
  he is capable for a short time if he sets himself to it; than there is between
  the   normal   and   exceptional   output   of   an   Englishman;   whose   temperate
  climate has not taught him to regard a great part of the year as a period of
  mere     waiting    for   and   resting   from    the  extraordinary      effort   of  a  few
  weeks。(*)   '(*)Given   any   particular   motive;   any   particula   enthusiasm;   or
  visible; desirable object; even the hungry Russian workmen of to…day are
  capable of sudden and temporary increase of output。 The 〃Saturdayings〃
  (see p。 119) provide endless illustrations of this。              They had something in
  the character   of   a picnic;   they  were   novel;   they  were   out of   the   routine;
  and the productivity of labor during a 〃Saturdaying〃 was invariably higher
  than    on   a  weekday。      For     example;     there   is  a  shortage    of  paper    for
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  cigarettes。     People roll cigarettes in old newspapers。                It occurred to the
  Central Committee of the Papermakers' Union to organize a 〃Sundaying〃
  with the object of sending cigarette paper to the soldiers in the Red Army。
  Six    factories    took   part。   Here     is   a  table   showing    the   output   of  these
  factories during the 〃Sundaying〃 and the average weekday output。                           The
  figures are in poods。
  Made       on               Average       week
  Factory                           the Sunday            Day Output
  Krasnogorodskaya。。。。。。。。。615。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。450
  Griaznovskaya。。。。。。。。。。。。。65。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。45
  Medianskaya。。。。。。。。。。。。。。105。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。90
  Dobruzhskaya。。。。。。。。。。。。。186。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。250
  Belgiiskaya。。。。。。。。。。。。。。127。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。85
  Ropshinskaya。。。。。。。。。。。。。。85。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。55'
  But    this  uneven     working      temperament       was    characteristic     of   the
  Russian      before    the   war   as   well   as   now。    It   has   been    said   that   the
  revolution removed the stimulus to labor; and left the Russian laziness to
  have its way。       In the first period of the revolution that may have been true。
  It   is   becoming   day   by   day   less   true。  The   fundamental   reasons   of   low
  productivity will not be found in any sudden or unusual efflorescence of
  idleness;     but    in  economic       conditions     which     cannot     but   reduce     the
  productivity   of   idle   and   industrious   alike。       Insufficient   feeding   is   one
  such   reason。      The   proportion   of   working   time   consumed   in   foraging   is
  another。 But the whole of my first chapter may be taken as a compact mass
  of   reasons   why   the   Russians   at   the   present   time   should   not   work   with
  anything      like   a   normal     productivity。      It   is  said   that   bad    workmen
  complain       of  their   tools;   but  even