第 4 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9319
  wood cannot do it on empty stomachs。                 And again rises a cry for trains;
  that   do   not   arrive;   for   food   that   exists   somewhere;   but   not   in   the   forest
  where men work。          The general effect of the wreck of transport on food is
  stated as follows: Less than 12 per cent。 of the oats required; less than 5
  per cent。 of the bread and salt required for really efficient working; were
  brought to the forests。        Nonetheless three times as much wood has been
  prepared as the available transport has removed。
  The   towns   suffer   from   lack   of   transport;   and   from   the   combined
  effect on the country of their productive weakness and of the loss of their
  old   position   as   centres   through   which   the   country   received   its   imports
  from     abroad。     Townsfolk        and   factory    workers     lack   food;    fuel;  raw
  materials and much else that in a civilized State is considered a necessary
  of   life。   Thus;   ten   million   poods   of   fish   were   caught   last   year;   but   there
  were no means of bringing them from the fisheries to the great industrial
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  centres   where   they   were   most   needed。   Townsfolk   are   starving;   and   in
  winter; cold。      People living in rooms in a flat; complete strangers to each
  other; by general agreement bring all their beds into the kitchen。                    In the
  kitchen soup is made once a day。            There is a little warmth there beside the
  natural   warmth   of   several   human   beings   in   a   small   room。       There   it   is
  possible to sleep。       During the whole of last winter; in the case I have in
  mind;     there   were    no   means     of   heating    the   other   rooms;    where     the
  temperature was almost always far below freezing point。                    It is difficult to
  make   the   conditions   real   except   by   individual   examples。         The   lack   of
  medicines; due directly to the blockade; seems to have small effect on the
  imagination       when    simply   stated    as   such。   Perhaps   people   will      realize
  what     it  means    when     instead    of  talking    of   the  wounded       undergoing
  operations
  without anesthetics I record the case of an acquaintance; a Bolshevik;
  working in a Government office; who suffered last summer from a slight
  derangement of the stomach due to improper and inadequate feeding。 His
  doctor   prescribed   a   medicine;   and   nearly   a   dozen   different   apothecaries
  were unable to make up the prescription for lack of one or several of the
  simple ingredients required。 Soap has become an article so rare (in Russia
  as in Germany during the blockade and the war there is a terrible absence
  of fats) that for the present it is to be treated as a means of safeguarding
  labor; to be given to the workmen for washing after and during their work;
  and in preference to miners; chemical; medical and sanitary workers; for
  whose      efficiency    and   health    it  is  essential。   The     proper    washing     of
  underclothes is impossible。          To induce the population of Moscow to go to
  the baths during the typhus epidemic; it was                sufficient bribe to promise
  to   each   person   beside   the   free   bath   a   free   scrap   of   soap。 Houses   are
  falling    into   disrepair   for   want   of   plaster;  paint   and    tools。   Nor    is  it
  possible   to   substitute   one   thing   for   another;   for   Russia's   industries   all
  suffer    alike   from   their   dependence      on   the  West;    as  well   as  from    the
  inadequacy   of   the   transport   to   bring   to   factories   the   material   they   need。
  People remind each other that during the war the Germans; when similarly
  hard put to it for clothes; made paper dresses; table…cloths; etc。                In Russia
  the nets used in paper…making are worn out。                 At last; in April; 1920 (so
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  Lenin   told   me);   there   seemed   to   be   a   hope   of   getting   new   ones   from
  abroad。      But   the   condition   of   the   paper   industry   is   typical   of   all;   in   a
  country which; it should not be forgotten; could be in a position to supply
  wood…pulp   for   other   countries   besides   itself。        The   factories   are   able   to
  produce   only   sixty   per   cent。   of   demands   that   have   previously;   by   the
  strictest scrutiny; been reduced to a minimum before they are made。                        The
  reasons; apart from the lack of nets and cloths; are summed up in absence
  of food; forage   and finally labor。           Even   when wood is   brought by  river
  the trouble is not yet overcome。            The horses are dead and eaten or starved
  and     weak。     Factories      have    to  cease    working      so  that   the   workmen;
  themselves underfed; can drag the wood from the barges to the mills。                          It
  may      well    be   imagined      what     the   effect   of   hunger;     cold;    and    the
  disheartenment   consequent   on   such   conditions   of   work   and   the   seeming
  hopelessness of the position have on the productivity of labor; the fall in
  which reacts on all the industries; on transport; on the general situation and
  so again
  on itself。
  Mr。 J。 M。 Keynes; writing with Central Europe in his mind (he is; I
  think; as ignorant of Russia as I am of Germany); says: 〃What then is our
  picture of Europe?         A country population able to support life on the fruits
  of its own agricultural production; but without the accustomed surplus for
  the towns; and also (as a result of the lack of imported materials; and so of
  variety and amount in the salable manufactures of the towns) without the
  usual incentives to market food in exchange for other wares; an industrial
  population unable to   keep its strength   for lack   of food; unable to earn   a
  livelihood for lack of materials; and so unable to make good by imports
  from abroad the failure of productivity at home 。〃
  Russia     is  an  emphasized       engraving;     in   which    every    line   of  that
  picture     is  bitten  in   with   repeated     washes    of   acid。   Several    new    lines;
  however;   are   added   to   the   drawing;   for   in   Russia   the   processes   at   work
  elsewhere have gone further than in the rest of Europe; and it is possible to
  see   dimly;   in   faint   outline;   the   new   stage   of   decay   which   is   threatened。
  The struggle to arrest decay is the real crisis of the revolution; of Russia;
  and;   not   impossibly;   of   Europe。      For   each   country   that   develops   to   the
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  end in this direction is a country lost to the economic comity of Europe。
  And; as one country follows another over the brink; so will the remaining
  countries be faced by conditions of increasingly narrow self…dependence;
  in fact by the very conditions which in Russia; so far; have received their
  clearest; most forcible illustration。
  THE SHORTAGE OF MEN
  In   the preceding   chapter   I   wrote of   Russia's   many  wants;  and   of   the
  processes   visibly  at   work;   tending   to   make   her   condition   worse   and   not
  better。     But I wrote of things; not of people。            I wrote of the shortage of
  this and of that; but not of the most serious of all shortages; which; while
  itself   largely   due   to   those   already   discussed;   daily   intensifies   them;   and
  points   the   way   to   that   further   stage   of   decay   which   is   threatened   in   the
  near future in Russia; and; in the more distant future in Europe。                 I did not
  write of the shortage deterioration of labor。
  Shortage of labor is not peculiar to Russia。            It is among the postwar
  phenomena   common   to   all   countries。          The   war   and   its   accompanying
  eases have   cost   Europe;  including   Russia;  an   enormous   number  of   able…
  bodied     men。    Many   millions       of  others   have    lost  the  habit   of  regular
  work。German industrialists complain that they cannot get labor; and that
  when   they   get   it;   it   is   not   productive。 I   heard   complaints   on   the   same
  subject   in   England。      But   just   as   the  economic   crisis;   due    in  the  first
  instance to the war and the isolation it imposed; has gone further in Russia
  than    elsewhere;     so