第 6 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  complain       of  their   tools;   but  even    good    ones    become      disheartened      if
  compelled to work with makeshifts; mended tools; on a stock of materials
  that runs out from one day to the next; in factories where the machinery
  may come at any  moment to a standstill from lack of fuel。 There would
  thus   be   a   shortage   of   labor   in   Russia;   even   if   the   numbers   of   workmen
  were the same today as they were before the war。                     Unfortunately that is
  not so。 Turning from the question of low productivity per man to that of
  absolute   shortage   of   men:   the   example   given   at   the   beginning   of   this
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  chapter; showing that in the most important group of factories the number
  of workmen has fallen 50 per cent。 is by no means exceptional。                    Walking
  through   the   passages   of   what   used   to   be   the   Club   of   the   Nobles;   and   is
  now     the  house    of  the  Trades    Unions    during    the  recent   Trades    Union
  Congress in Moscow;           I observed among a number of pictorial diagrams
  on the walls; one in particular illustrating the rise and fall of the working
  population      of   Moscow       during    a  number      of  years。    Each    year   was
  represented by the picture of a factory with a chimney which rose and fell
  with the population。        From that diagram I took the figures for 1913; 1918
  and 1919。       These figures should be constantly borne in mind by any one
  who   wishes   to   realize    how   catastrophic   the   shortage   oflabor   in   Russia
  actually is; and to judge how sweeping may be the changes in                    the social
  configuration of the country if that shortage continues to increase。                  Here
  are the figures:
  Workmen   in   Moscow   in   1913。。。。。。。。。。。。159;344 Workmen   in   Moscow
  in 1918 。。。。。。。。。。。157;282 Workmen in Moscow in 1919。。。。。。。。。。。。105;210
  That is to say; that one…third of the workmen of Moscow
  ceased to live there; or ceased to be workmen; in the course of a single
  year。    A    similar    phenomenon       is  observable     in  each    one   of  the   big
  industrial districts。
  What has become of those workmen?
  A   partial   explanation      is  obvious。      The     main    impulse     of   the
  revolution   came   from   the   town   workers。        Of   these;   the   metal   workers
  were the most decided; and those who most freely joined the Red Guard in
  the early and the Red Army in the later days of the revolution。                  Many; in
  those early days; when there was more enthusiasm than discipline; when
  there    were    hardly   any   experienced      officers;   and   those   without    much
  authority;   were   slaughtered   during   the   German   advance   of   1918。         The
  first   mobilizations;   when   conscription   was   introduced;   were   among   the
  workers in the great industrial districts。           The troops from Petrograd and
  Moscow; exclusively workmen's regiments; have suffered more than any
  other during the civil war; being the most dependable and being thrown;
  like   the   guards   of   old   time;   into   the   worst   place   at   any   serious   crisis。
  Many thousands of them have died for the sake of the revolution which;
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  were     they   living;   they   would    be   hard   put   to  it  to  save。  (The    special
  shortage      of  skilled    workers     is  also  partially    to  be   explained     by   the
  indiscriminate mobilizations of 1914…15; when great numbers of the most
  valuable   engineers   and   other   skilled   workers   were   thrown   into   the   front
  line;   and    it  was   not   until  their   loss   was   already    felt  that   the   Tsar's
  Government in this matter came belatedly to its senses。)
  But these explanations are only partial。            The more general answer to
  the question; What has become of the workmen? lies in the very economic
  crisis which their absence accentuates。              Russia is unlike England; where
  starvation of the towns would be practically starvation of the whole island。
  In Russia; if a man is hungry; he has only to walk far enough and he will
  come   to   a   place   where   there   is   plenty   to   eat。   Almost   every   Russian
  worker retains in some form or other connection with a village; where; if
  he returns; he will not be an entire stranger; but at worst a poor relation;
  and    quite   possibly     an  honored     guest。    It   is  not  surprising     that  many
  thousands have 〃returned to the land〃 in this way。
  Further;     if  a  workman      retains   his  connection;      both   with   a  distant
  village   and   with   a   town;   he   can   keep   himself   and   his   family   fat   and
  prosperous   by   ceasing   to   be   a   workman;   and;   instead;   traveling   on   the
  buffers or the roof of a railway wagon; and bringing back with him sacks
  of flour and potatoes for sale in the town at fantastic prices。 Thereby he is
  lost    to  productive     labor;   and    his  uncomfortable        but  adventurous       life
  becomes directly harmful; tending to increase the strain on transport; since
  it   is   obviously   more   economical   to   transport   a   thousand   sacks   than   to
  transport   a   thousand   sacks   with   an   idle   workman   attached   to   each   sack。
  Further;     his   activities   actually    make     it  more     difficult   for   the  town
  population to get food。         By keeping open for the village the possibility of
  selling at fantastic prices; he lessens the readiness of the peasants to part
  with their flour at the lower prices of the Government。                    Nor     is it as if
  his   activities   benefited   the   working   population。        The   food   he   brings   in
  goes for the most part to those who have plenty of money or have things to
  exchange for it。       And honest men in Russia to…day have not much money;
  and those who have things to exchange are not as a rule workmen。                          The
  theory   of   this   man's   harmfulness   is;   I   know;   open   to   argument;   but   the
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  practice at least is exactly as I have stated it; and is obviously attractive to
  the individual who prefers adventure on a full stomach to useful work on
  an   empty。     Setting   aside the   theory  with   its   latent   quarrel between   Free
  Trade and State control; we can still recognize that each workman engaged
  in these pursuits has become an unproductive middleman; one of that very
  parasitic species which the revolutionaries had hoped to make unnecessary。
  It is bad from the revolutionary point of view if a workman is so employed;
  but   it   is   no   less   bad   from   the   point   of   view   of   people   who   do   not   care
  twopence   about   the   revolution   one   way   or   the   other;   but   do   care   about
  getting Russia on her feet again and out of her economic crisis。                      It is bad
  enough   if   an   unskilled   workman   is   so   employed。          It   is   far   worse   if   a
  skilled workman finds he can do better for himself as a 〃food speculator〃
  than by the exercise of his legitimate craft。             From mines; from every kind
  of   factory   come   complaints   of   the   decreasing   proportion   of   skilled   to
  unskilled      workmen。       The     superior     intelligence    of   the   skilled   worker
  offers him definite advantages should he engage in these pursuits; and his
  actual skill gives him other advantages in the villages。                   He can leave his
  factory and go to the village; there on the spot to ply his trade or variations
  of it;
  when as a handy man; repairing tools; etc。; he will make an easy living
  and by lessening the dependence of the village on the town do as much as
  the 〃food speculator〃 in worsening the conditions of the workman he has
  left behind。
  And     with    that   we    come     to  the   general     changes     in   the   social
  geography  of   Russia   which   are   threatened   if   the   processes   now   at   work
  continue   unchecked。          The    relations    between     town    and    village   are  the
  fundamental   problem   of   the   revolution。           Town   and   countryside   are   in
  sharp contradiction daily intensified by the inability of the towns to supply
  the country's needs。         The town may be considered as a singl