第 37 节
作者:天净沙      更新:2022-05-01 22:41      字数:9314
  of    the  city   were    delighted     with    the  cleanliness     of   the   pavement      that
  surrounded   the   market;   it   being   a   convenience   to   all;   and   this   rais'd   a
  general   desire   to   have   all   the   streets   paved;   and   made   the   people   more
  willing to submit to a tax for that purpose。
  After some time I drew a bill for paving the city; and brought it into
  the Assembly。 It was just before I went to England; in 1757; and did not
  pass   till   I   was   gone。   and   then   with   an   alteration   in   the   mode   of
  assessment;   which   I   thought   not   for   the   better;   but   with   an   additional
  provision   for   lighting   as   well   as   paving   the   streets;   which   was   a   great
  improvement。   It   was   by   a   private   person;   the   late   Mr。   John   Clifton;   his
  giving a sample of the utility of lamps; by placing one at his door; that the
  people   were   first   impress'd   with   the   idea   of   enlighting   all   the   city。   The
  honour of this public benefit has also been ascrib'd to me but it belongs
  truly to that gentleman。 I did but follow his example; and have only some
  merit   to   claim   respecting   the   form   of   our   lamps;   as   differing   from   the
  globe lamps we were at first supply'd with from London。 Those we found
  inconvenient   in   these   respects:   they   admitted   no   air   below;   the   smoke;
  therefore; did not readily go out above; but circulated in the globe; lodg'd
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  on its inside; and soon obstructed the light they were intended to afford;
  giving; besides; the daily trouble of wiping them clean; and an accidental
  stroke on one of them would demolish it; and render it totally useless。 I
  therefore   suggested   the   composing   them   of   four   flat   panes;   with   a   long
  funnel above to draw up the smoke; and crevices admitting air below; to
  facilitate the ascent of the smoke; by this means they were kept clean; and
  did not grow dark in a few hours; as the London lamps do; but continu'd
  bright till morning; and an accidental stroke would generally break but a
  single pane; easily repair'd。
  See votes。
  I have sometimes wonder'd that the Londoners did not; from the effect
  holes in the bottom of the globe lamps us'd at Vauxhall have in keeping
  them clean; learn to have such holes in their street lamps。 But; these holes
  being     made     for  another     purpose;    viz。;   to  communicate        flame    more
  suddenly to the wick by a little flax hanging down thro' them; the other use;
  of letting in air; seems not to have been thought of; and therefore; after the
  lamps   have   been   lit   a   few   hours;   the   streets   of   London   are   very   poorly
  illuminated。
  The mention of these improvements puts me in mind of one I propos'd;
  when in London; to Dr。 Fothergill; who was among the best men I have
  known;   and   a   great   promoter   of   useful   projects。   I   had   observ'd   that   the
  streets; when dry; were never swept; and the light dust carried away; but it
  was   suffer'd   to   accumulate   till   wet   weather   reduc'd   it   to   mud;   and   then;
  after lying some days so deep on the pavement that there was no crossing
  but   in   paths   kept   clean   by   poor   people   with   brooms;   it   was   with   great
  labour   rak'd   together   and   thrown   up   into   carts   open   above;   the   sides   of
  which suffer'd some of the slush at every jolt on the pavement to shake out
  and fall; sometimes to the annoyance of foot…passengers。 The reason given
  for   not   sweeping   the   dusty   streets   was;   that   the   dust   would   fly   into   the
  windows of shops and houses。
  An    accidental     occurrence     had   instructed    me    how    much    sweeping
  might   be done in   a   little   time。  I   found   at   my  door   in   Craven…street;  one
  morning; a poor woman sweeping my pavement with a birch broom; she
  appeared very pale and feeble; as just come out of a fit of sickness。 I ask'd
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  who employ'd her to sweep there; she said; 〃Nobody; but I am very poor
  and in distress; and I sweeps before gentlefolkses doors; and hopes they
  will   give   me   something。〃   I   bid   her   sweep   the   whole   street   clean;   and   I
  would give her a shilling; this was at nine o'clock; at 12 she came for the
  shilling。 From the slowness I saw at   first in her working; I could   scarce
  believe that the work was done so soon; and sent my servant to examine it;
  who reported that the whole street was swept perfectly clean; and all the
  dust plac'd in the gutter; which was in the middle; and the next rain wash'd
  it   quite   away;   so   that   the   pavement   and   even   the   kennel   were   perfectly
  clean。
  I then judg'd that; if that feeble woman could sweep such a street in
  three hours; a strong; active man might have done it in half the time。 And
  here   let   me   remark   the   convenience   of   having   but   one   gutter   in   such   a
  narrow street; running down its middle; instead of two; one on each side;
  near the footway; for where all the rain that falls on a street runs from the
  sides and meets in the middle; it forms there a current strong enough to
  wash away all the mud it meets with; but when divided into two channels;
  it   is   often   too   weak   to   cleanse   either;   and   only   makes   the   mud   it   finds
  more fluid; so   that the   wheels of   carriages and   feet of horses throw   and
  dash     it  upon   the   foot…pavement;      which     is  thereby    rendered     foul  and
  slippery;     and   sometimes      splash    it  upon    those   who    are   walking。     My
  proposal; communicated to the good doctor; was as follows:
  〃For    the   more    effectual   cleaning    and    keeping    clean   the   streets  of
  London   and   Westminster;   it   is   proposed   that   the   several   watchmen   be
  contracted   with   to   have   the   dust   swept   up   in   dry   seasons;   and   the   mud
  rak'd up at other times; each in the several streets and lanes of his round;
  that they be furnish'd with brooms and other proper instruments for these
  purposes; to be kept   at their  respective stands; ready  to furnish the  poor
  people they may employ in the service。
  〃That in the dry summer months the dust be all swept up into heaps at
  proper   distances;   before   the   shops   and   windows   of   houses   are   usually
  opened; when the scavengers; with close…covered carts; shall also carry it
  all away。
  〃That the mud; when rak'd up; be not left in heaps to be spread abroad
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  again   by   the   wheels   of   carriages   and   trampling   of   horses;   but   that   the
  scavengers be provided with bodies of carts; not plac'd high upon wheels;
  but low upon sliders; with lattice bottoms; which; being cover'd with straw;
  will retain the mud thrown into them; and permit the water to drain from it;
  whereby it will become much lighter; water making the greatest part of its
  weight; these bodies of carts to be plac'd at convenient distances; and the
  mud brought to them in wheel…barrows; they remaining where plac'd till
  the mud is drain'd; and then horses brought to draw them away。〃
  I have since had doubts of the practicability of the latter part of this
  proposal; on account of the narrowness of some streets; and the difficulty
  of placing the draining…sleds so as not to encumber too much the passage;
  but I am still of opinion that the former; requiring the dust to be swept up
  and   carry'd   away   before   the   shops   are   open;   is   very   practicable   in   the
  summer; when the days are long; for; in walking thro' the Strand and Fleet…
  street   one   morning   at   seven   o'clock;   I   observ'd   there   was   not   one   shop
  open;   tho'   it   had   been   daylight   and   the   sun   up   above   three   hours;   the
  inhabitants   of   London   chusing   voluntarily   to   live   much   by   candle…light;
  and sleep by sunshine; and yet often complain; a little absurdly; of the duty
  on candles and the high price of tallow。
  Some may think these trifling matters not worth minding or relating;
  but   when   they   consider   that   tho'   dust   blown   into   the   eyes   of   a   single
  person; or into a single shop on a windy day; is but of small importance;
  yet the great number of the instances in a populous city; and its frequent
  repetitions give it wei