第 24 节
作者:天净沙      更新:2022-05-01 22:41      字数:9322
  and   stitching   pamphlets;   tending   shop;   purchasing   old   linen   rags   for   the
  papermakers; etc。; etc。 We kept no idle servants; our table was plain and
  simple;   our   furniture   of   the   cheapest。   For   instance;   my   breakfast   was   a
  long time bread and milk (no tea); and I ate it out of a twopenny earthen
  porringer; with a pewter spoon。 But mark how luxury will enter families;
  and   make   a   progress;   in   spite   of   principle:   being   call'd   one   morning   to
  breakfast;   I   found   it   in   a   China   bowl;   with   a   spoon   of   silver!   They   had
  been bought for me without my knowledge by my wife; and had cost her
  the   enormous   sum   of   three…and…twenty   shillings;   for   which   she   had   no
  other     excuse    or   apology     to  make;     but   that  she   thought     her   husband
  deserv'd a silver spoon and China bowl as well as any of his neighbors。
  This   was   the   first   appearance   of   plate   and   China   in   our   house;   which
  afterward;      in   a  course    of   years;   as   our   wealth     increas'd;    augmented
  gradually to several hundred pounds in value。
  I had been religiously educated as a Presbyterian; and tho' some of the
  dogmas   of   that   persuasion; such   as   the   eternal   decrees   of   God;   election;
  reprobation;   etc。;   appeared   to   me   unintelligible;   others   doubtful;   and   I
  early   absented   myself   from   the   public   assemblies   of   the   sect;   Sunday
  being my studying day; I  never was   without some   religious principles。  I
  never doubted; for instance; the existence of the Deity; that he made the
  world; and govern'd it by his Providence; that the most acceptable service
  of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that
  all crime will be punished; and virtue rewarded; either here or hereafter。
  These I esteem'd the essentials of every religion; and; being to be found in
  all   the   religions   we   had   in   our   country;   I   respected   them   all;   tho'   with
  different degrees of respect; as I found them more or less mix'd with other
  articles;    which;    without     any   tendency      to  inspire;   promote;     or   confirm
  morality;   serv'd   principally   to   divide   us;   and   make   us   unfriendly   to   one
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  another。 This respect to all; with an opinion that the worst had some good
  effects;   induc'd   me   to   avoid   all   discourse   that   might   tend   to   lessen   the
  good opinion another might have of his own religion; and as our province
  increas'd in people; and new places of worship were continually wanted;
  and     generally    erected    by   voluntary     contributions;     my    mite    for  such
  purpose; whatever might be the sect; was never refused。
  Tho' I seldom attended any public worship; I had still an opinion of its
  propriety;  and   of   its   utility  when   rightly  conducted;   and   I   regularly  paid
  my annual subscription for the support of the only Presbyterian minister or
  meeting we had in Philadelphia。 He us'd to visit me sometimes as a friend;
  and admonish me to attend his administrations; and I was now and then
  prevail'd on to do so; once for five Sundays successively。 Had he been in
  my      opinion     a   good     preacher;     perhaps     I   might     have     continued;
  notwithstanding the occasion I had for the Sunday's leisure in my course
  of   study;   but   his   discourses   were   chiefly   either   polemic   arguments;   or
  explications of the peculiar doctrines of our sect; and were all to me very
  dry; uninteresting; and unedifying; since not a single moral principle was
  inculcated      or   enforc'd;   their   aim    seeming     to   be   rather   to  make     us
  Presbyterians than good citizens。
  At   length   he   took   for   his   text  that   verse   of   the   fourth   chapter  of
  Philippians;   〃Finally;   brethren;   whatsoever   things   are   true;   honest;   just;
  pure; lovely; or of good report; if there be any virtue; or any praise; think
  on these things。〃 And I imagin'd; in a sermon on such a text; we could not
  miss of having some morality。 But he confin'd himself to five points only;
  as meant by the apostle; viz。: 1。 Keeping holy the Sabbath day。 2。 Being
  diligent    in  reading    the   holy   Scriptures。    3。  Attending     duly   the   publick
  worship。 4。 Partaking of the Sacrament。 5。 Paying a due respect to God's
  ministers。 These might be all good things; but; as they were not the kind of
  good things that I expected from that text; I despaired of ever meeting with
  them from any other; was disgusted; and attended his preaching no more。 I
  had some years before compos'd a little Liturgy; or form of prayer; for my
  own   private   use   (viz。;   in   1728);   entitled; Articles   of   Belief   and Acts   of
  Religion。   I   return'd   to   the   use   of   this;   and   went   no   more   to   the   public
  assemblies。      My    conduct     might    be   blameable;     but   I  leave   it;  without
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  attempting further to excuse it; my present purpose being to relate facts;
  and not to make apologies for them。
  It   was   about   this   time   I   conceiv'd   the   bold   and   arduous   project   of
  arriving at moral perfection。 I wish'd to live without committing any fault
  at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination; custom; or
  company might lead me into。 As I knew; or thought I knew; what was right
  and wrong; I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the
  other。 But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I
  bad imagined。 While my care was employ'd in guarding against one fault;
  I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention;
  inclination   was   sometimes   too   strong   for   reason。   I   concluded;   at   length;
  that    the  mere    speculative     conviction     that  it  was    our   interest   to  be
  completely  virtuous;   was   not   sufficient   to   prevent   our   slipping;   and   that
  the    contrary    habits    must    be   broken;    and    good    ones    acquired    and
  established;   before   we   can   have   any   dependence   on   a   steady;   uniform
  rectitude of conduct。 For this purpose I therefore contrived the following
  method。
  In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my
  reading; I found the catalogue more or less numerous; as different writers
  included   more      or  fewer    ideas   under   the  same    name。    Temperance;      for
  example; was by some confined to eating and drinking; while by others it
  was    extended     to  mean    the   moderating     every    other   pleasure;   appetite;
  inclination; or passion; bodily or mental; even to our avarice and ambition。
  I propos'd to myself; for the sake of clearness; to use rather more names;
  with fewer ideas annex'd to each; than a few names with more ideas; and I
  included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurr'd to me
  as necessary or desirable; and annexed to each a short precept; which fully
  express'd the extent I gave to its meaning。
  These names of virtues; with their precepts; were:
  1。 TEMPERANCE。 Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation。
  2。 SILENCE。 Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid
  trifling conversation。
  3。 ORDER。 Let all your things have their places; let each part of your
  business have its time。
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  4。   RESOLUTION。          Resolve     to  perform    what    you   ought;    perform
  without fail what you resolve。
  5。 FRUGALITY。 Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself;
  i。e。; waste nothing。
  6。 INDUSTRY。 Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful;
  cut off all unnecessary actions。
  7。 SINCERITY。 Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; and;
  if you speak; speak accordingly。
  8。  JUSTICE。 Wrong   none by  doing injuries;  or   omitting   the benefits
  that are your duty。
  9。   MODERATION。           Avoid    extreams;     forbear   resenting    injuries   so
  much as you think they deserve。
  10。   CLEANLINESS。   Tolerate   no   uncleanliness   in   body;   cloaths;   or
  habitation。
  11。   TRANQUILLITY。           Be   not   disturbed    at  trifles;  or  at  accidents
  common or unavoidable。
  12。 CHASTITY。 Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to
  dulness;     weakness;     or  the  inj