第 5 节
作者:天净沙      更新:2022-05-01 22:41      字数:9322
  convinced   me   by  several   instances。   I   saw   the   justice   of   his   remark;   and
  thence   grew   more   attentive   to   the   manner   in   writing;   and   determined   to
  endeavor at improvement。
  About this time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator。 It was the
  third。 I had never   before seen any of   them。 I bought it;  read it over   and
  over; and was much delighted with it。 I thought the writing excellent; and
  wished; if possible; to imitate it。 With this view I took some of the papers;
  and; making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence; laid them by a
  few   days;   and   then;   without   looking   at   the   book;   try'd   to   compleat   the
  papers again; by expressing each hinted sentiment at length; and as fully as
  it had been   expressed before; in   any suitable words   that should come   to
  hand。 Then I compared my Spectator with the original; discovered some of
  my faults; and corrected them。 But I found I wanted a stock of words; or a
  readiness   in   recollecting   and   using them;   which   I   thought   I   should   have
  acquired      before   that   time   if  I  had  gone    on   making     verses;   since   the
  continual occasion for words of the same import; but of different length; to
  suit the measure; or of different sound for the rhyme; would have laid me
  15
  … Page 16…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  under a constant necessity of searching for variety; and also have tended to
  fix that variety in my mind; and make me master of it。 Therefore I took
  some of the tales and turned them into verse; and; after a time; when I had
  pretty well forgotten the prose; turned them back again。 I also sometimes
  jumbled   my   collections   of   hints   into   confusion;   and   after   some   weeks
  endeavored to reduce them into the best order; before I began to form the
  full sentences and compleat the paper。 This was to teach me method in the
  arrangement   of   thoughts。   By   comparing   my   work   afterwards   with   the
  original; I discovered many faults and amended them; but I sometimes had
  the pleasure of fancying that; in certain particulars of small import; I had
  been     lucky   enough     to  improve     the  method     or  the   language;    and   this
  encouraged   me   to   think I   might possibly  in   time   come   to   be   a   tolerable
  English   writer;   of   which   I   was   extremely   ambitious。   My   time   for   these
  exercises and for reading was at night; after work or before it began in the
  morning;   or   on   Sundays;   when   I   contrived   to   be   in   the   printing…house
  alone;   evading   as   much   as   I   could   the   common   attendance   on   public
  worship which my father used to exact on me when I was under his care;
  and which indeed I still thought a duty; though I could not; as it seemed to
  me; afford time to practise it。
  When about 16 years of age I happened to meet with a book; written
  by one Tryon; recommending a vegetable diet。 I determined to go into it。
  My brother; being yet unmarried; did not keep house; but boarded himself
  and his apprentices in another family。 My refusing to eat flesh occasioned
  an   inconveniency;   and   I   was   frequently   chid   for   my   singularity。   I   made
  myself acquainted with Tryon's manner of preparing some of his dishes;
  such as boiling potatoes or rice; making hasty pudding; and a few others;
  and then proposed to my brother; that if he would give me; weekly; half
  the   money   he   paid   for   my   board;   I   would   board   myself。   He   instantly
  agreed to it; and I presently found that I could save half what he paid me。
  This was an additional fund for buying books。 But I had another advantage
  in it。 My brother and the rest going from the printing…house to their meals;
  I remained there alone; and; despatching presently my light repast; which
  often was no more than a bisket or a slice of bread; a handful of raisins or
  a tart from the pastry…cook's; and a glass of water; had the rest of the time
  16
  … Page 17…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  till their return for study; in which I made the greater progress; from that
  greater clearness of head and quicker apprehension which usually attend
  temperance in eating and drinking。
  And   now   it   was   that;   being   on   some   occasion   made   asham'd   of   my
  ignorance in figures; which I had twice failed in learning when at school; I
  took Cocker's book of Arithmetick; and went through the whole by myself
  with great ease。 I also read Seller's and Shermy's books of Navigation; and
  became       acquainted     with    the   little  geometry     they    contain;    but   never
  proceeded far in that science。 And I read about this time Locke On Human
  Understanding; and the Art of Thinking; by Messrs。 du Port Royal。
  While I was intent on improving my language; I met with an English
  grammar (I think it was Greenwood's); at the end of which there were two
  little sketches of the arts of rhetoric and logic; the latter finishing with a
  specimen   of   a   dispute   in   the   Socratic   method;   and   soon   after   I   procur'd
  Xenophon's        Memorable       Things     of   Socrates;    wherein     there   are   many
  instances of the same method。 I was charm'd with it; adopted it; dropt my
  abrupt   contradiction   and   positive   argumentation;   and   put   on   the   humble
  inquirer     and   doubter。    And     being   then;   from    reading     Shaftesbury      and
  Collins; become a real doubter in many points of our religious doctrine; I
  found this method safest for myself and very embarrassing to those against
  whom I used it; therefore I took a delight in it; practis'd it continually; and
  grew very artful and expert in drawing people; even of superior knowledge;
  into    concessions;      the   consequences        of  which     they    did   not   foresee;
  entangling      them    in  difficulties    out   of  which     they   could   not   extricate
  themselves;   and   so   obtaining   victories   that   neither   myself   nor   my   cause
  always   deserved。   I   continu'd   this   method   some   few   years;   but   gradually
  left   it;   retaining   only   the   habit   of   expressing   myself   in   terms   of   modest
  diffidence; never using; when I advanced any thing that may possibly be
  disputed; the words certainly; undoubtedly; or any others that give the air
  of   positiveness   to   an   opinion;   but   rather   say;   I   conceive   or   apprehend   a
  thing to be so and so; it appears to me; or I should think it so or so; for
  such   and   such   reasons;   or   I   imagine   it   to   be   so;   or   it   is   so;   if   I   am   not
  mistaken。 This habit; I believe; has been of great advantage to me when I
  have     had   occasion     to  inculcate    my    opinions;     and   persuade     men    into
  17
  … Page 18…
  THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
  measures that I have been from time to time engag'd in promoting; and; as
  the chief ends of conversation are to inform or to be informed; to please or
  to   persuade;   I   wish   well…meaning;   sensible   men   would   not   lessen   their
  power of doing good by a positive; assuming manner; that seldom fails to
  disgust;    tends    to  create   opposition;    and   to  defeat    every   one   of  those
  purposes   for   which   speech   was   given   to   us;   to   wit;   giving   or   receiving
  information       or  pleasure。     For;   if  you   would     inform;    a   positive   and
  dogmatical        manner      in   advancing       your    sentiments       may     provoke
  contradiction and prevent a candid attention。 If you wish information and
  improvement   from   the   knowledge   of   others;   and   yet   at   the   same   time
  express yourself as firmly fix'd in your present opinions; modest; sensible
  men; who do not love disputation; will probably leave you undisturbed in
  the possession of your error。 And by such a manner; you can seldom hope
  to   recommend   yourself   in   pleasing   your   hearers;   or   to   persuade   those
  whose concurrence you desire。 Pope says; judiciously:
  〃Men     should    be   taught   as   if  you   taught    them    not;  And    things
  unknown propos'd as things forgot;〃
  farther recommending to us
  〃To speak; tho' sure; with seeming diffidence。〃
  And he might have coupled with this line that which he has coupled
  with another; I think; less properly;
  〃For want of modesty is want of sense。〃
  If you ask; Why less properly? I must repeat the lines;
  〃Immodest words admit of no defense; For want of mode