第 8 节
作者:阎王      更新:2021-12-07 09:36      字数:9322
  said: Protagoras; I have a wretched memory; and when any one makes a
  long speech to me I never remember what he is talking about。 As
  then; if I had been deaf; and you were going to converse with me;
  you would have had to raise your voice; so now; having such a bad
  memory; I will ask you to cut your answers shorter; if you would
  take me with you。
  What do you mean? he said: how am I to shorten my answers? shall I
  make them too short?
  Certainly not; I said。
  But short enough?
  Yes; I said。
  Shall I answer what appears to me to be short enough; or what
  appears to you to be short enough?
  I have heard; I said; that you can speak and teach others to speak
  about the same things at such length that words never seemed to
  fail; or with such brevity that no one could use fewer of them。 Please
  therefore; if you talk with me; to adopt the latter or more
  compendious method。
  Socrates; he replied; many a battle of words have I fought; and if I
  had followed the method of disputation which my adversaries desired;
  as you want me to do; I should have been no better than another; and
  the name of Protagoras would have been nowhere。
  I saw that he was not satisfied with his previous answers; and
  that he would not play the part of answerer any more if he could help;
  and I considered that there was no call upon me to continue the
  conversation; so I said: Protagoras; I do not wish to force the
  conversation upon you if you had rather not; but when you are
  willing to argue with me in such a way that I can follow you; then I
  will argue with you。 Now you; as is said of you by others and as you
  say of yourself; are able to have discussions in shorter forms of
  speech as well as in longer; for you are a master of wisdom; but I
  cannot manage these long speeches: I only wish that I could。 You; on
  the other hand; who are capable of either; ought to speak shorter as I
  beg you; and then we might converse。 But I see that you are
  disinclined; and as I have an engagement which will prevent my staying
  to hear you at greater length (for I have to be in another place); I
  will depart; although I should have liked to have heard you。
  Thus I spoke; and was rising from my seat; when Callias seized me by
  the right hand; and in his left hand caught hold of this old cloak
  of mine。 He said: We cannot let you go; Socrates; for if you leave
  us there will be an end of our discussions: I must therefore beg you
  to remain; as there is nothing in the world that I should like
  better than to hear you and Protagoras discourse。 Do not deny the
  company this pleasure。
  Now I had got up; and was in the act of departure。 Son of
  Hipponicus; I replied; I have always admired; and do now heartily
  applaud and love your philosophical spirit; and I would gladly
  comply with your request; if I could。 But the truth is that I
  cannot。 And what you ask is as great an impossibility to me; as if you
  bade me run a race with Crison of Himera; when in his prime; or with
  some one of the long or day course runners。 To such a request I should
  reply that I would fain ask the same of my own legs; but they refuse
  to comply。 And therefore if you want to see Crison and me in the
  same stadium; you must bid him slacken his speed to mine; for I cannot
  run quickly; and he can run slowly。 And in like manner if you want
  to hear me and Protagoras discoursing; you must ask him to shorten his
  answers; and keep to the point; as he did at first; if not; how can
  there be any discussion? For discussion is one thing; and making an
  oration is quite another; in my humble opinion。
  But you see; Socrates; said Callias; that Protagoras may fairly
  claim to speak in his own way; just as you claim to speak in yours。
  Here Alcibiades interposed; and said: That; Callias; is not a true
  statement of the case。 For our friend Socrates admits that he cannot
  make a speech…in this he yields the palm to Protagoras: but I should
  be greatly surprised if he yielded to any living man in the power of
  holding and apprehending an argument。 Now if Protagoras will make a
  similar admission; and confess that he is inferior to Socrates in
  argumentative skill; that is enough for Socrates; but if he claims a
  superiority in argument as well; let him ask and answer…not; when a
  question is asked; slipping away from the point; and instead of
  answering; making a speech at such length that most of his hearers
  forget the question at issue (not that Socrates is likely to
  forget…I will be bound for that; although he may pretend in fun that
  he has a bad memory)。 And Socrates appears to me to be more in the
  right than Protagoras; that is my view; and every man ought to say
  what he thinks。
  When Alcibiades had done speaking; some one…Critias; I
  believe…went on to say: O Prodicus and Hippias; Callias appears to
  me to be a partisan of Protagoras: and this led Alcibiades; who
  loves opposition; to take the other side。 But we should not be
  partisans either of Socrates or of Protagoras; let us rather unite
  in entreating both of them not to break up the discussion。
  Prodicus added: That; Critias; seems to me to be well said; for
  those who are present at such discussions ought to be impartial
  hearers of both the speakers; remembering; however; that
  impartiality is not the same as equality; for both sides should be
  impartially heard; and yet an equal meed should not be assigned to
  both of them; but to the wiser a higher meed should be given; and a
  lower to the less wise。 And I as well as Critias would beg you;
  Protagoras and Socrates; to grant our request; which is; that you will
  argue with one another and not wrangle; for friends argue with friends
  out of goodwill; but only adversaries and enemies wrangle。 And then
  our meeting will be delightful; for in this way you; who are the
  speakers; will be most likely to win esteem; and not praise only;
  among us who are your audience; for esteem is a sincere conviction
  of the hearers' souls; but praise is often an insincere expression
  of men uttering falsehoods contrary to their conviction。 And thus we
  who are the hearers will be gratified and not pleased; for
  gratification is of the mind when receiving wisdom and knowledge;
  but pleasure is of the body when eating or experiencing some other
  bodily delight。 Thus spoke Prodicus; and many of the company applauded
  his words。
  Hippias the sage spoke next。 He said: All of you who are here
  present I reckon to be kinsmen and friends and fellow…citizens; by
  nature and not by law; for by nature like is akin to like; whereas law
  is the tyrant of mankind; and often compels us to do many things which
  are against nature。 How great would be the disgrace then; if we; who
  know the nature of things; and are the wisest of the Hellenes; and
  as such are met together in this city; which is the metropolis of
  wisdom; and in the greatest and most glorious house of this city;
  should have nothing to show worthy of this height of dignity; but
  should only quarrel with one another like the meanest of mankind I
  pray and advise you; Protagoras; and you; Socrates; to agree upon a
  compromise。 Let us be your peacemakers。 And do not you; Socrates;
  aim at this precise and extreme brevity in discourse; if Protagoras
  objects; but loosen and let go the reins of speech; that your words
  may be grander and more becoming to you。 Neither do you; Protagoras;
  go forth on the gale with every sail set out of sight of land into
  an ocean of words; but let there be a mean observed by both of you。 Do
  as I say。 And let me also persuade you to choose an arbiter or
  overseer or president; he will keep watch over your words and will
  prescribe their proper length。
  This proposal was received by the company with universal approval;
  Callias said that he would not let me off; and they begged me to
  choose an arbiter。 But I said that to choose an umpire of discourse
  would be unseemly; for if the person chosen was inferior; then the
  inferior or worse ought not to preside over the better; or if he was
  equal; neither would that be well; for he who is our equal will do
  as we do; and what will be the use of choosing him? And if you say;
  〃Let us have a better then;〃…to that I answer that you cannot have any
  one who is wiser than Protagoras。 And if you choose another who is not
  really better; and whom you only say is better; to put another over
  him as though he were an inferior person would be an unworthy
  reflection on him; not that; as far as I am concerned; any
  reflection is of much consequence to me。 Let me tell you then what I
  will do in order that the conversation and discussion may go on as you
  desire。 If Protagoras is not disposed to answer; let him ask and I
  will answer; a