very　long　ocean　combers；　with　at　intervals　an　abrupt　break；　a　gap；
  cliff…guarded；　boulder…strewn；　with　a　narrow　rushing　stream　making　way
  between　hemlocks　and　pines；　sycamore；　ash　and　beech；　walnut　and　linden。
  Towards　these　blue　mountains　Spotswood　and　his　knights　rode　day　after　day
  and　came　at　last　to　the　foot　of　the　steep　slope。　The　long　ridges　were　high；
  but　not　so　high　but　that　horse　and　man　might　make　shift　to　scramble　to　the
  crest。　Up　they　climbed　and　from　the　heights　they　looked　across　and　down
  into　the　Valley　of　Virginia；　twenty　miles　wide；　a　hundred　and　twenty　longa
  fertile　garden　spot。　Across　the　shimmering　distances　they　saw　the　gray
  Alleghanies；　fresh　barrier　to　a　fresh　west。　Below　them　ran　a　clear　river；
  afterwards　to　be　called　the　Shenandoah。　They　gazedthey　predicted
  colonists；　future　plantations；　future　towns；　for　that　great　valley；　large
  indeed　as　are　some　Old　World　kingdoms。　They　drank　the　health　of　England's
  King；　and　named　two　outstanding　peaks　Mount　George　and　Mount　Alexander；
  then；　because　their　senses　were　ravished　by　the　Eden　before　them；　they
  dubbed　the　river　Euphrates。　They　plunged　and　scrambled　down　the　mountain
  side　to　the　Euphrates；　drank　of　it；　bathed　in　it；　rested；　ate；　and　drank
  again。　The　deep　green　woods　were　around　them；　above　them　they　could　see　the
  hawk；　the　eagle；　and　the　buzzard；　and　at　their　feet　the　bright　fish　of　the
  river。
  At　last　they　reclimbed　the　Blue　Ridge；　descended　its　eastern　face；　and；
  leaving　the　great　wave　of　it　behind　them；　rode　homeward　to　Williamsburg　in
  triumph。
  We　are　thus；　with　Spotswood　and　his　band；　on　the　threshold　of　expanding
  American　vistas。　This　Valley　of　Virginia；　first　a　distant　Beulah　land　for
  the　eye　of　the　imagination　only；　presently　became　a　land　of　pioneer　cabins；
  far　apartvery　far　apartthen　a　settled　land；　of　farms；　hamlets；　and
  market　towns。　Nor　did　the　folk　come　only　from　that　elder　Virginia　of　tidal
  waters　and　much　tobacco；　of　〃compleat　gentlemen〃　at　the　capital；　and　of
  many　slaves　in　the　fields。　But　downward　from　the　Potomac；　they　came　south
  into　this　valley；　from　Pennsylvania　and　Maryland；　many　of　them　Ulster　Scots
  who　had　sailed　to　the　western　world。　In　America　they　are　called　the
  ScotchIrish；　and　in　the　main　they　brought　stout　hearts；　long　arms；　and
  level　heads。　With　these　they　brought　in　as　luggage　the　dogmas　of　Calvin。
  They　permeated　the　Valley　of　Virginia；　many　moved　on　south　into　Carolina；
  finally；　in　large　part；　they　made　Kentucky　and　Tennessee。　Germans；　too；
  came　into　the　valley…down　from　Pennsylvaniaquiet；　thrifty　folk；　driven
  thus　far　westward　from　a　war…ravished　Rhine。
  Shrewd　practicality　trod　hard　upon　the　heels　of　romantic　fancy　in　the　mind
  of　Spotswood。　His　Order　of　the　Knights　of　the　Horseshoe　had　a　fleeting
  existence；　but　the　Vision　of　the　West　lived　on。　Frontier　folk　in　growing
  numbers　were　encouraged　to　make　their　way　from　tidewater　to　the　foot　of　the
  Blue　Ridge。　Spotsylvania　and　King　George　were　names　given　to　new　counties
  in　the　Piedmont　in　honor　of　the　Governor　and　the　sovereign。　German
  craftsmen；　who　had　been　sent　over　by　Queen　Annevine…dressers　and
  ironworkerswere　settled　on　Spotswood's　own　estate　above　the　falls　of　the
  Rapidan。　The　little　town　of　Germanna　sprang　up；　famous　for　its　smelting
  furnaces。
  To　his　country　seat　in　Spotsylvania；　Alexander　Spotswood　retired　when　he
  laid　down　the　office　of　Governor　in　1722。　But　his　talents　were　too　valuable
  to　be　allowed　to　rust　in　inactivity。　He　was　appointed　deputy
  Postmaster…General　for　the　English　colonies；　and　in　the　course　of　his
  administration　made　one　Benjamin　Franklin　Postmaster　for　Philadelphia。　He
  was　on　the　point　of　sailing　with　Admiral　Vernon　on　the　expedition　against
  Cartagena　in　1740；　when　he　was　suddenly　stricken　and　died。　He　was　buried　at
  Temple　Farm　by　Yorktown。　On　the　expedition　to　Cartagena　went　one　Lawrence
  Washington；　who　named　his　countryseat　after　the　Admiral　and　whose　brother
  George　many　years　later　was　to　receive　the　surrender　of　Cornwallis　and　his
  army　hard　by　the　resting…place　of　Alexander　Spotswood。　Colonial　Virginia
  lies　behind　us。　The　era　of　revolution　and　statehood　beckons　us　on。
  CHAPTER　XVI。　GEORGIA
  Below　Charleston　in　South　Carolina；　below　Cape　Fear；　below　Port　Royal；　a
  great　river　called　the　Savannah　poured　into　the　sea。　Below　the　Savannah；
  past　the　Ogeechee；　sailing　south　between　the　sandy　islands　and　the　main；
  ships　came　to　the　mouth　of　the　river　Altamaha。　Thus　far　was　Carolina。　But
  below　Altamaha　the　coast　and　the　country　inland　became　debatable；　probably
  Florida　and　Spanish；　liable　at　any　rate　to　be　claimed　as　such；　and
  certainly　open　to　attack　from　Spanish　St。　Augustine。
  Here　lay　a　stretch　of　seacoast　and　country　within　hailing　distance　of
  semi…tropical　lands。　It　was　low　and　sandy；　with　innumerable　slow…flowing
  watercourses；　creeks；　and　inlets　from　the　sea。　The　back　country；　running　up
  to　hills　and　even　mountains　stuffed　with　ores；　was　not　knownthough　indeed
  Spanish　adventurers　had　wandered　there　and　mined　for　gold。　But　the　lowlands
  were　warm　and　dense　with　trees　and　wild　life。　The　Huguenot　Ribault；　making
  report　of　this　region　years　and　years　before；　called　it　〃a　fayre　coast
  stretching　of　a　great　length；　covered　with　an　infinite　number　of　high　and
  fayre　trees；　〃　and　he　described　the　land　as　the　〃fairest；　fruitfullest；　and
  pleasantest　of　all　the　world；　abounding　in　hony；　venison；　wilde　fowle；
  forests；　woods　of　all　sorts；　Palm…trees；　Cypresse　and　Cedars；　Bayes　ye
  highest　and　greatest；　with　also　the　fayrest　vines　in　all　the　world　。　。　。　。
  And　the　sight　of　the　faire　medows　is　a　pleasure　not　able　to　be　expressed
  with　tongue；　full　of　Hernes；　Curlues；　Bitters；　Mallards；　Egrepths；
  Woodcocks；　and　all　other　kind　of　small　birds；　with　Harts；　Hindes；　Buckes；
  wilde　Swine；　and　all　other　kindes　of　wilde　beastes；　as　we　perceived　well；
  both　by　their　footing　there　and　。　。　。　their　crie　and　roaring　in　the
  night。〃*　This　is　the　country　of　the　liveoak　and　the　magnolia；　the　gray；
  swinging　moss　and　the　yellow　jessamine；　the　chameleon　and　the　mockingbird。
  *　Winsor's　〃Narrative　and　Critical　History　of　America〃；　vol。　V；　p。　357。
  The　Savannah　and　Altamaha　rivers　and　the　wide　and　deep　lands　between　fell
  in　that　grant　of　Charles　II's　to　the　eight　Lords　Proprietors　of
  CarolinaAlbemarle；　Clarendon；　and　the　rest。　But　this　region　remained　as
  yet　unpeopled　save　by　copperhued　folk。　True；　after　the　〃American　Treaty〃　of
  1670　between　England　and　Spain；　the　English　built　a　small　fort　upon
  Cumberland　Island；　south　of　the　Altamaha；　and　presently　another　Fort
  Georgeto　the　northwest　of　the　first；　at　the　confluence　of　the　rivers
  Oconee　and　Oemulgee。　There　were；　however；　no　true　colonists　between　the
  Savannah　and　the　Altamaha。
  In　the　year　1717the　year　after　Spotswood's　Expedition　…　the　Carolina
  Proprietaries　granted　to　one　Sir　Robert　Mountgomery　all　the　land　between
  the　rivers　Savannah　and　Altamaha；　〃with　proper　jurisdictions；　privileges；
  prerogatives；　and　franchises。〃　The　arrangement　was　feudal　enough。　The　new
  province　was　to　be　called　the　Margravate　of　Azilia。　Mountgomery；　as
  Margrave；　was　to　render　to　the　Lords　of　Carolina　an　annual　quitrent　and
  one…fourth　part　of　all　gold　and　silver　found　in　Azilia。　He　must　govern　in
  accordance　with　the　laws　of　England；　must　uphold　the　established　religion
  of　England；　and　provide　by　taxation　for　the　maintenance　of　the　clergy。　In
  three　years'　time　the　new　Margrave　must　colonize　his　Margravate；　and　if　he
  failed　to　do　so；　all　his　rights　would　disappear　and　Azilia　would　again
  dissolve　into　Carolina。
  This　was　what　happened。　For　whatever　reason；　Mountgomery　could　not　obtain
  his　colonists。　Azilia　remained　a　paper　land。　The　years　went　by。　The
  country；　unsettled　yet；　lapsed　into　the　Carolina　from　which　so　tentatively
  it　had　been　parted。　Over　its　spaces　the　Indian　still　roved；　the　tall
  forests　still　lifted　their　green　crowns；　and　no　axe　was　heard　nor　any
  English　voice。
  In　the　decade　that　followed；　the　Lords　Proprietors　of　Carolina　ceased　to　be
  Lords　Proprietors。　Their　government　had　been；　save　at　exceptional　moments；
  confused；　oppressive；　now　absent…minded；　and　now　mistaken　and　arbitrary。
  They　had　meant　very　well；　but　their　knowledge　was　not　exact；　and　now
  virtual　revolution　in　South　Carolina　assisted　their　demise。　After　lengthy
  negotiations；　at　last；　in　1729；　all　except　Lord　Granville　surrendered　to
  the　Crown；　for　a　considerable　sum；　their　rights　and　interests。　Carolina；
  South　and　North；　thereupon　became　royal　colonies。
  In　England　there　dwelled　a　man　named　James　Edward　Oglethorpe；　son　of　Sir
  Theophilus　Oglethorpe　of　Godalming　in　Surrey。　Though　entered　at　Oxford；　he
  soon　left　his　books　for　the　army　and　was　present　at　the　siege　and　taking　of
  Belgrade　in　1717。　Peace　descending；　the　young　man　returned　to　England；　and
  on　the　death　of　his　elder　brother　came　into　the　estate；　and　was　presently
  made　Member　of　Parliament　for　Haslemere　in　Surrey。
  His　character　was　a　firm　and　generous　one；　his　bent；　markedly　humane。
  〃Strong　benevolence　of　soul；〃　Pope　says　he　had。　His　century；　too；　was
  becoming　humane；　was　inquiring　into　ancient　wrongs。　There　arose；　among
  other　things；　a　belated　notion　of　prison　reform。　The　English　Parliament
  u