folk　in　the　world　might　overpass　them　in　hospitality。　They　were　genial；
  they　liked　a　good　laugh；　and　they　danced　to　good　music。　They　had　by　nature
  an　excellent　understanding。　Yet；　thinks　at　least　the　Reverend　Hugh　Jones；
  they　〃are　generally　diverted　by　Business　or　Inclination　from　profound
  Study；　and　prying　into　the　Depth　of　Things　。　。　。　。They　are　more　inclinable
  to　read　Men　by　Business　and　Conversation；　than　to　dive　into　Books　。　。　。
  they　are　apt　to　learn；　yet　they　are　fond　of　and　will　follow　their　own　Ways；
  Humours　and　Notions；　being　not　easily　brought　to　new　Projects　and　Schemes。〃
  It　was　as　Governor　of　these　people　that；　in　succession　to　Nicholson；　Edward
  Nott　came　to　Virginia；　the　deputy　of　my　Lord　Orkney。　Nott　died　soon
  afterward；　and　in　1710　Orkney　sent　to　Virginia　in　his　stead　Alexander
  Spotswood。　This　man　stands　in　Virginia　history　a　manly；　honorable；　popular
  figure。　Of　Scotch　parentage；　born　in　Morocco；　soldier　under　Marlborough；
  wounded　at　Blenheim；　he　was　yet　in　his　thirties　when　he　sailed　across　the
  Atlantic　to　the　river　James。　Virginia　liked　him；　and　he　liked　Virginia。　A
  man　of　energy　and　vision；　he　first　made　himself　at　home　with　all；　and　then
  after　his　own　impulses　and　upon　his　own　lines　went　about　to　develop　and　to
  better　the　colony。　He　had　his　projects　and　his　hobbies；　mostly　useful；　and
  many　sounding　with　a　strong　modern　tone。　Now　and　again　he　quarreled　with
  the　Assembly；　and　he　made　it　many　a　cutting　speech。　But　it；　too；　and　all
  Virginia　and　the　world　were　growing　modern。　Issues　were　disengaging
  themselves　and　were　becoming　distinct。　In　these　early　years　of　the
  eighteenth　century；　Whig　and　Tory　in　England　drew　sharply　over　against　each
  other。　In　Virginia；　too；　as　in　Maryland；　the　Carolinas；　and　all　the　rest　of
  England…in…America；　parties　were　emerging。　The　Virginian　flair　for
  political　life　was　thus　early　in　evidence。　To　the　careless　eye　the　colony
  might　seem　overwhelmingly　for　King　and　Church。　〃If　New　England　be　called　a
  Receptacle　of　Dissenters；　and　an　Amsterdam　of　Religion；　Pennsylvania　the
  Nursery　of　Quakers；　Maryland　the　Retirement　of　Roman　Catholicks；　North
  Carolina　the　Refuge　of　Runaways　and　South　Carolina　the　Delight　of
  Buccaneers　and　Pyrates；　Virginia　may　be　justly　esteemed　the　happy　Retreat
  of　true　Britons　and　true　Churchmen　for　the　most　Part。〃　This　〃for　the　most
  part〃　paints　the　situation；　for　there　existed　an　opposition；　a　minority；
  which　might　grow　to　balance；　and　overbalance。　In　the　meantime　the　House　of
  Burgesses　at　Williamsburg　provided　a　School　for　Discussion。
  At　the　time　when　Parson　Jones　with　his　shrewd　eyes　was　observing　society　in
  the　Old　Dominion；　Williamsburg　was　still　a　small　village；　even　though　it
  was　the　capital。　Towns　indeed；　in　any　true　sense；　were　nowhere　to　be　found
  in　Virginia。　Yet　Williamsburg　had　a　certain　distinction。　Within　it　there
  arose；　beneath　and　between　old　forest　trees；　the　college；　an　admirable
  churchBruton　Churchthe　capitol；　the　Governor's　house　or　〃palace；〃　and
  many　very　tolerable　dwelling…houses　of　frame　and　brick。　There　were　also
  taverns；　a　marketplace；　a　bowling…green；　an　arsenal；　and　presently　a
  playhouse。　The　capitol　at　Williamsburg　was　a　commodious　one；　able　to　house
  most　of　the　machinery　of　state。　Here　were　the　Council　Chamber；　〃where　the
  Governor　and　Council　sit　in　very　great　state；　in　imitation　of　the　King　and
  Council；　or　the　Lord　Chancellor　and　House　of　Lords；　〃　and　the　great　room　of
  the　House　of　Burgesses；　〃not　unlike　the　House　of　Commons。〃　Here；　at　the
  capitol　。　met　the　General　Courts　in　April　and　October；　the　Governor　and
  Council　acting　as　judges。　There　were　also　Oyer　and　Terminer　and　Admiralty
  Courts。　There　were　offices　and　committee　rooms；　and　on　the　cupola　a　great
  clock；　and　near　the　capitol　was　〃a　strong；　sweet　Prison　for　Criminals；　and
  on　the　other　side　of　an　open　Court　another　for　Debtors　。　。　。　but　such
  Prisoners　are　very　rare；　the　Creditors　being　generally　very　merciful　。　。　。
  。　At　the　Capitol；　at　publick　Times；　may　be　seen　a　great　Number　of　handsome；
  well…dressed；　compleat　Gentlemen。　And　at　the　Governor's　House　upon
  Birth…Nights；　and　at　Balls　and　Assemblies；　I　have　seen　as　fine　an
  Appearance；　as　good　Diversion；　and　as　splendid　Entertainments；　in　Governor
  Spotswood's　Time；　as　I　have　seen　anywhere　else。〃
  It　is　a　far　cry　from　the　Susan　Constant；　the　Goodspeed；　and　the　Discovery；
  from　those　first　booths　at　Jamestown；　from　the　Starving　Time；　from
  Christopher　Newport　and　Edward…Maria　Wingfield　and　Captain　John　Smith　to
  these　days　of　Governor　Spotswood。　And　yet；　considering　the　changes　still　to
  come；　a　century　seems　but　a　little　time　and　the　far　cry　not　so　very　far。
  Though　the　Virginians　were　in　the　mass　country　folk；　yet　villages　or
  hamlets　arose；　clusters　of　houses　pressing　about　the　Court　House　of　each
  county。　There　were　now　in　the　colony　over　a　score　of　settled　counties。　The
  westernmost　of　these；　the　frontier　counties；　were　so　huge　that　they　ran　at
  least　to　the　mountains；　and；　for　all　one　knew　to　the　contrary；　presumably
  beyond。　But　〃beyond〃　was　a　mysterious　word　of　unknown　content；　for　no
  Virginian　of　that　day　had　gone　beyond。　All　the　way　from　Canada　into　South
  Carolina　and　the　Florida　of　that　time　stretched　the　mighty　system。　of　the
  Appalachians；　fifteen　hundred　miles　in　length　and　three　hundred　in　breadth。
  Here　was　a　barrier　long　and　thick；　with　ridge　after　ridge　of　lifted　and
  forested　earth；　with　knife…blade　vales　between；　and　only　here　and　there　a
  break　away　and　an　encompassed　treasure　of　broad　and　fertile　valley。　The
  Appalachians　made　a　true　Chinese　Wall；　shutting　all　England…in…America；　in
  those　early　days；　out　from　the　vast　inland　plateau　of　the　continent；
  keeping　upon　the　seaboard　all　England…in…America；　from　the　north　to　the
  south。　To　Virginia　these　were　the　mysterious　mountains　just　beyond　which；
  at　first；　were　held　to　be　the　South　Sea　and　Cathay。　Now；　men's　knowledge
  being　larger　by　a　hundred　years；　it　was　known　that　the　South　Sea　could　not
  be　so　near。　The　French　from　Canada；　going　by　way　of　the　St。　Lawrence　and
  the　Great　Lakes；　had　penetrated　very　far　beyond　and　had　found　not　the　South
  Sea　but　a　mighty　river　flowing　into　the　Gulf　of　Mexico。　What　was　the　real
  nature　of　this　world　which　had　been　found　to　lie　over　the　mountains？　More
  and　more　Virginians　were　inclined　to　find　out；　foreseeing　that　they　would
  need　room　for　their　growing　population。　Continuously　came　in　folk　from　the
  Old　Country；　and　continuously　Virginians　were　born。　Maryland　dwelt　to　the
  north；　Carolina　to　the　south。　Virginia；　seeking　space；　must　begin　to　grow
  westward。
  There　were　settlements　from　the　sea　to　the　Falls　of　the　James；　and　upon　the
  York；　the　Rappahannock；　and　the　Potomac。　Beyond　these；　in　the　wilderness；
  might　be　found　a　few　lonely　cabins；　a　scattered　handful　of　pioneer　folk；
  small　blockhouses；　and　small　companies　of　rangers　charged　with　protecting
  all　from　Indian　foray。　All　this　country　was　rolling　and　hilly；　but　beyond
  it　stood　the　mountains；　a　wall　of　enchantment；　against　the　west。
  Alexander　Spotswood；　hardy　Scot；　endowed　with　a　good　temperamental　blend　of
  the　imaginative　and　the　active；　was　just　the　man；　the　time　being　ripe；　to
  encounter　and　surmount　that　wall。　Fortunately；　too；　the　Virginians　were
  horsemen；　man　and　horse　one　piece　almost；　New　World　centaurs。　They　would
  follow　the　bridle…tracks　that　pierced　to　the　hilly　country；　and　beyond　that
  they　might　yet　make　way　through　the　primeval　forest。　They　would　encounter
  dangers；　but　hardly　the　old　perils　of　seacoast　and　foothills。　Different；
  indeed；　is　this　adventure　of　the　Governor　of　Virginia　and　his　chosen　band
  from　the　old　push　afoot　into　frowning　hostile　woods　by　the　men　of　a　hundred
  and　odd　years　before！
  Spotswood　rode　westward　with　a　company　drawn　largely　from　the　colonial
  gentry；　men　young　in　body　or　in　spirit；　gay　and　adventurous。　The　whole
  expedition　was　conceived　and　executed　in　a　key　both　humorous　and　knightly。
  These　〃Knights〃*　set　face　toward　the　mountains　in　August；　1716。　They　had
  guides　who　knew　the　upcountry；　a　certain　number　of　rangers　used　to　Indian
  ways；　and　servants　with　food　and　much　wine　in　their　charge。　So　out　of
  settled　Virginia　they　rode；　and　up　the　long；　gradual　lift　of　earth　above
  sea…level　into　a　mountainous　wilderness；　where　before　them　the　Aryan　had
  not　come。　By　day　they　traveled；　and　bivouacked　at　night。
  *　On　the　sandy　roads　of　settled　Virginia　horses　went　unshod；　but　for　the
  stony　hills　and　the　ultimate　cliffs　they　must　have　iron　shoes。　After　the
  adventure　and　when　the　party　had　returned　to　civilization；　the　Governor；
  bethinking　himself　that　there　should　be　some　token　and　memento　of　the
  exploit；　had　made　in　London　a　number　of　small　golden　horseshoes；　set　as　pins
  to　be　worn　in　the　lace　cravats　of　the　period。　Each　adventurer　to　the　mountains
  received　one；　and　the　band　has　kept；　in　Virginian　lore；　the　title　of　the
  Knights　of　the　Golden　Horseshoe。
  Higher　and　more　rugged　grew　the　mountains。　Some　trick　of　the　light　made
  them　show　blue；　so　that　they　presently　came　to　be　called　the　Blue　Ridge；　in
  contradistinction　to　the　westward　lying；　gray　Alleghanies。　They　were　like
  very　long　ocean　combers；　with　at　intervals　an　abrupt　break；　a　gap；
  cliff…guarded；