第 23 节
作者:交通工具类:沧海一叶舟      更新:2021-12-07 09:33      字数:9322
  his doctrines as far as possible to the understanding of the common people;
  who   form   the   majority   of   mankind;   and   he   will   not   set   them   forth   in
  logical sequence nor adduce the definitions which serve to establish them。
  (70)    Otherwise       he   writes    only   for   the   learned    …  that   is;  he   will   be
  understood by only a small proportion of the human race。
  (71)   All   Scripture   was   written       primarily   for   an   entire   people;     and
  secondarily       for   the    whole     human      race;   therefore     its   contents     must
  necessarily      be   adapted     as  far  as   possible    to   the  understanding       of   the
  masses;   and   proved   only   by   examples   drawn   from   experience。   (72)   We
  will explain   ourselves   more   clearly。 (73) The   chief   speculative   doctrines
  taught   in   Scripture   are   the   existence   of   God;   or   a   Being   Who   made   all
  things; and Who directs and sustains the world with consummate wisdom;
  furthermore; that God takes the greatest thought for men; or such of them
  as live piously and honourably; while He punishes; with various penalties;
  those who do evil; separating them from the good。 (74) All this is proved
  in   Scripture   entirely   through       experience…that   is;   through   the       narratives
  there related。 (75) No definitions of doctrine are given; but all the sayings
  and     reasonings     are   adapted     to  the   understanding       of   the   masses。    (76)
  Although   experience   can   give   no   clear   knowledge   of   these   things;   nor
  explain the nature of God; nor how He directs and sustains all things; it
  can     nevertheless       teach    and     enlighten     men     sufficiently      to   impress
  obedience and devotion on their minds。
  (77)   It   is   now;   I   think;   sufficiently   clear   what   persons   are   bound   to
  believe in the Scripture narratives; and in what degree they are so bound;
  for it evidently follows from what has been said that the knowledge of and
  belief in them is particularly necessary to the masses whose intellect is not
  capable   of   perceiving   things   clearly  and   distinctly。   (78)   Further;   he   who
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  denies them because he does not believe that God exists or takes thought
  for   men   and   the   world;   may   be   accounted   impious;   but   a   man   who   is
  ignorant   of   them;   and   nevertheless   knows   by   natural   reason   that   God
  exists; as we have said; and has a true plan of life; is altogether blessed …
  yes; more blessed than the common herd of believers; because besides true
  opinions he possesses also a true and distinct conception。 (79) Lastly; he
  who is ignorant of the Scriptures and knows nothing by the light of reason;
  though he may not be impious or rebellious; is yet less than human and
  almost brutal; having none of God's gifts。
  (80) We must here remark that when we say that the knowledge of the
  sacred narrative is particularly necessary to the masses; we do not mean
  the knowledge of absolutely all the narratives in the Bible; but only of the
  principal     ones;   those   which;    taken    by   themselves;     plainly   display    the
  doctrine we have just stated; and have most effect over men's minds。
  (81) If all the narratives in Scripture were necessary for the proof of
  this   doctrine;   and   if   no   conclusion   could   be   drawn   without   the   general
  consideration of every one of the histories contained in the sacred writings;
  truly  the   conclusion   and   demonstration   of   such   doctrine   would   overtask
  the understanding and strength not only  of the masses; but of humanity;
  who is there who could give attention to all the narratives at once; and to
  all   the   circumstances;   and   all   the   scraps   of   doctrine   to   be   elicited   from
  such a host of diverse histories? (82) I cannot believe that the men who
  have left us the Bible as we have it were so abounding in talent that they
  attempted   setting   about   such   a   method   of   demonstration;   still   less   can   I
  suppose that we cannot understand Scriptural doctrine till we have given
  heed   to   the   quarrels   of   Isaac;   the   advice   of Achitophel   to Absalom;   the
  civil war between Jews and Israelites; and other similar chronicles; nor can
  I think that it was more difficult to teach such doctrine by means of history
  to the Jews of early times; the contemporaries of Moses; than it was to the
  contemporaries        of   Esdras。   (83)   But    more    will   be  said   on   this  point
  hereafter; we may now only note that the masses are only bound to know
  those histories which can most powerfully dispose their mind to obedience
  and   devotion。   (84)   However;   the   masses   are   not   sufficiently   skilled   to
  draw conclusions from what they read; they take more delight in the actual
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  stories;  and   in   the   strange   and   unlooked…for   issues   of   events   than   in   the
  doctrines   implied;   therefore;   besides          reading   these   narratives;   they   are
  always   in   need   of   pastors   or   church   ministers   to   explain   them   to   their
  feeble intelligence。
  (85) But not to wander from our point; let us conclude with what has
  been   our   principal   object   …   namely;   that   the   truth   of   narratives;   be   they
  what   they   may;   has   nothing   to   do   with   the   Divine   law;   and   serves   for
  nothing except in respect of doctrine; the sole element which makes one
  history     better   than   another。     (86)   The    narratives    in   the   Old   and    New
  Testaments surpass profane history; and differ among themselves in merit
  simply   by   reason       of  the   salutary   doctrines     which     they   inculcate。     (87)
  Therefore;   if   a   man   were   to   read   the   Scripture   narratives   believing   the
  whole of them; but were to give no heed to the doctrines they contain; and
  make no amendment in his life; he might employ himself just as profitably
  in reading the Koran or the poetic drama; or ordinary chronicles; with the
  attention   usually   given   to   such   writings;   on   the   other   hand;   if   a   man   is
  absolutely ignorant of the Scriptures; and none the less has right opinions
  and   a   true   plan   of   life;   he   is   absolutely   blessed   and   truly   possesses   in
  himself the spirit of Christ。
  (88) The Jews are of a directly contrary way of thinking; for they hold
  that   true   opinions   and   a   true   plan   of   life   are   of   no   service   in   attaining
  blessedness; if their possessors have arrived at them by the light of reason
  only;   and   not   like   the   documents   prophetically   revealed   to   Moses。   (89)
  Maimonides   ventures   openly   to   make   this   assertion:   〃Every   man   who
  takes to heart the seven precepts and diligently follows them; is counted
  with the pious among the nation; and an heir of the world to come; that is
  to say; if he takes to heart and follows them because God ordained them in
  the law; and revealed them to us by Moses; because they were of aforetime
  precepts to the sons of Noah: but he who follows them as led thereto by
  reason; is not counted as a dweller among the pious or among the wise of
  the nations。〃 (90) Such are the words Of Maimonides; to which R。 Joseph;
  the son of Shem Job; adds in his book which he calls 〃Kebod Elohim; or
  God's Glory;〃 that although Aristotle (whom he considers to have written
  the best   ethics   and to   be   above   everyone   else) has   not omitted   anything
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  that   concerns   true   ethics;   and   which   he   has   adopted   in   his   own   book;
  carefully following the lines laid down; yet this was not able to suffice for
  his salvation; inasmuch as he embraced his doctrines in accordance with
  the dictates of reason and not as Divine documents prophetically revealed。
  (91) However; that these are mere figments; and are not supported by
  Scriptural   authority   will;   I   think;   be   sufficiently   evident   to   the   attentive
  reader;   so   that   an   examination   of      the   theory   will   be   sufficient   for   its
  refutation。 (92) It is not my purpose here to refute the assertions of those
  who assert that the natural light of reason can teach nothing; of any value
  concerning   the   true   way  of   salvation。   (93)   People   w