第 13 节
作者:淋雨      更新:2021-12-07 09:32      字数:9322
  and was devouring it with avidity; she was horrified; and hid it away from
  me lest it should break my soul as the pony might have broken my neck。
  This   way   of   producing   hardy   bodies   and   timid   souls   is   so   common   in
  country houses   that you   may spend hours in  them listening to stories of
  broken collar bones; broken backs; and broken necks without coming upon
  a single spiritual adventure or daring thought。
  But whether the risks to which liberty exposes us are moral or physical
  our right to liberty involves the right to run them。        A man who is not free
  to risk his neck as an aviator or his soul as a heretic is not free at all; and
  the right to liberty begins; not at the age of 21 years but of 21 seconds。
  48
  … Page 49…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Risks of Ignorance and
  Weakness
  The difficulty with children is that they need protection from risks they
  are too young to understand; and attacks they can neither avoid nor resist。
  You may on academic grounds allow a child to snatch glowing coals from
  the fire once。     You will not do it twice。        The risks of liberty we must let
  everyone take; but the risks of ignorance and self…helplessness are another
  matter。    Not   only   children   but   adults   need   protection   from   them。     At
  present    adults   are   often  exposed     to  risks  outside    their  knowledge      or
  beyond   their   comprehension   or   powers   of   resistance   or   foresight:       for
  example;      we   have    to  look    on   every   day   at   marriages    or   financial
  speculations that may involve far worse consequences than burnt fingers。
  And just as it is part of the business of adults to protect children; to feed
  them;   clothe   them;   shelter   them;   and   shift   for   them   in   all   sorts   of   ways
  until they are able to shift for themselves; it is coming more and more to
  be seen that this is true not only of the relation between adults and children;
  but between adults and adults。          We shall not always look on indifferently
  at   foolish   marriages   and   financial   speculations;   nor   allow   dead   men   to
  control live communities by ridiculous wills and living heirs to squander
  and ruin great estates; nor tolerate a hundred other absurd liberties that we
  allow today because we are too lazy to find out the proper way to interfere。
  But the interference must be regulated by some theory of the individual's
  rights。    Though the right to live is absolute; it is not unconditional。             If a
  man is unbearably mischievous; he must be killed。               This is a mere matter
  of necessity; like the killing of a man…eating tiger in a nursery; a venomous
  snake in   the   garden;  or   a   fox   in   the   poultry  yard。 No   society  could   be
  constructed on the assumption that such extermination is a violation of the
  creature's right to live; and therefore must not be allowed。                And then at
  once   arises   the   danger   into   which   morality   has   led   us: the   danger   of
  persecution。      One     Christian    spreading    his  doctrines    may    seem    more
  mischievous than a dozen thieves:            throw him therefore to the lions。          A
  lying    or  disobedient    child   may   corrupt    a  whole    generation    and   make
  49
  … Page 50…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  human Society impossible:       therefore thrash the vice out of him。    And so
  on until our whole system of abortion; intimidation; tyranny; cruelty and
  the rest is in full swing again。
  50
  … Page 51…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  The Common Sense of Toleration
  The real safeguard against this is the dogma of Toleration。                   I need not
  here    repeat    the  compact     treatise   on   it  which    I  prepared    for   the  Joint
  Committee on the Censorship of Stage Plays; and prefixed to The Shewing
  Up of Blanco Posnet。          It must suffice now to say that the present must not
  attempt to schoolmaster the future by pretending to know good from evil
  in   tendency;     or   protect   citizens    against    shocks    to  their   opinions     and
  convictions;      moral;    political   or  religious:     in   other   words    it  must   not
  persecute doctrines of any kind; or what is called bad taste; and must insist
  on all persons facing such shocks as they face frosty weather or any of the
  other    disagreeable;      dangerous;     or   bracing    incidents    of   freedom。      The
  expediency of Toleration has been forced on us by the fact that progressive
  enlightenment depends on a fair hearing for doctrines which at first appear
  seditious; blasphemous; and immoral; and which deeply shock people who
  never think originally; thought being with them merely a habit and an echo。
  The deeper ground for Toleration is the nature of creation; which; as we
  now      know;     proceeds      by    evolution。      Evolution       finds    its   way    by
  experiment; and this finding of the  way  varies according   to the  stage of
  development   reached;   from   the   blindest   groping   along   the   line   of   least
  resistance      to   intellectual     speculation;      with    its   practical    sequel     of
  hypothesis and experimental verification; or to observation; induction; and
  deduction; or   even   into  so   rapid   and   intuitive   an   integration   of   all   these
  processes   in   a  single   brain that   we   get the inspired guess   of  the  man   of
  genius   and   the   desperate   resolution   of   the   teacher   of   new   truths   who   is
  first slain as a blasphemous apostate and then worshipped as a prophet。
  Here the law for the child is the same as for the adult。               The high priest
  must   not   rend   his   garments   and   cry  〃Crucify  him〃   when   he   is   shocked:
  the   atheist   must   not   clamor   for   the   suppression   of   Law's   Serious   Call
  because      it  has   for  two    centuries    destroyed      the   natural   happiness      of
  innumerable   unfortunate   children   by   persuading   their   parents   that   it   is
  their  religious   duty  to   be   miserable。      It;   and   the   Sermon   on   the   Mount;
  and   Machiavelli's   Prince;   and   La   Rochefoucauld's   maxims;   and   Hymns
  Ancient and Modern; and De Glanville's apologue; and Dr。 Watts's rhymes;
  51
  … Page 52…
  A TREATISE ON PARENTS AND CHILDREN
  and Nietzsche's Gay Science; and Ingersoll's Mistakes of Moses; and the
  speeches      and   pamphlets     of  the   people   who    want    us  to  make    war    on
  Germany;   and   the   Noodle's   Orations   and   articles   of   our   politicians   and
  journalists; must all be tolerated not only because any of them may for all
  we know be on the right track but because it is in the conflict of opinion
  that    we   win   knowledge       and   wisdom。      However       terrible   the  wounds
  suffered in that conflict; they are better than the barren peace of death that
  follows when all the combatants are slaughtered or bound hand and foot。
  The difficulty at present is that though this necessity for Toleration is a
  law of political science as well established as the law of gravitation; our
  rulers are never taught political science:           on the contrary; they are taught
  in school that the master tolerates nothing that is disagreeable to him; that
  ruling is simply being master; and that the master's method is the method
  of violent punishment。         And our citizens; all school taught; are walking in
  the    same    darkness。     As     I  write   these   lines   the   Home     Secretary     is
  explaining that a man who has been imprisoned for blasphemy must not be
  released   because   his   remarks   were   painful   to   the   feelings   of   his   pious
  fellow   townsmen。        Now   it   happens   that   this   very   Home   Secretary   has
  driven many thousands of his fellow citizens almost beside themselves by
  the    crudity   of  his  notions    of  government;      and   his   simple   inability   to
  understand why he should not use and make laws to torment and subdue
  people   who   do   not   happen   to   agree   with   him。    In   a   word;   he   is   not   a
  politician; but a grown…up schoolboy who has at last got a cane in his hand。
  And as all the rest of us are in the same condition (except as to command
  of the cane) the only objection made to his proceedings takes the shape of
  clamor