第 29 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
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  dimly the passions and promises of their electoral campaign; they come to
  feel it   an   essential   part   of   statesmanship to   consider   what   are   called   the
  interests     of   the  community        as   a  whole;     rather   than    those    of   some
  discontented   group;   but   the   interests   of   the   community   as   a   whole   are
  sufficiently vague to be easily seen to coincide with self…interest。 All these
  causes lead Parliaments to betray the people; consciously or unconsciously;
  and    it  is  no   wonder     if  they   have    produced      a  certain   aloofness     from
  democratic theory in the more vigorous champions of labor。
  Majority rule; as it exists in large States; is subject to the fatal defect
  that; in a very great number of questions; only a fraction of the nation have
  any   direct   interest   or   knowledge;   yet   the   others   have   an   equal   voice   in
  their settlement。 When people have no direct interest in a question they are
  very apt to be influenced by irrelevant considerations; this is shown in the
  extraordinary       reluctance     to  grant    autonomy      to   subordinate     nations     or
  groups。 For this reason; it is very dangerous to allow the nation as a whole
  to   decide   on   matters   which   concern   only   a   small   section;   whether   that
  section be geographical or industrial or defined in any other way。 The best
  cure for   this   evil;  so   far   as   can   be  seen   at   present;  lies in   allowing   self…
  government   to   every  important   group   within   a   nation   in   all   matters   that
  affect that group   much more than   they affect the   rest of the   community。
  The government of a group; chosen by the group; will be far more in touch
  with its constituents; far more conscious of their interests; than a remote
  Parliament   nominally   representing   the   whole   country。  The   most   original
  idea   in   Syndicalism   adopted   and   developed   by  the   Guild   Socialistsis
  the idea of making industries self…governing units so far as their internal
  affairs are concerned。 By this method; extended also to such other groups
  as have clearly separable interests; the evils which have shown themselves
  in representative democracy can; I believe; be largely overcome。
  Guild   Socialists;   as   we  have  seen;   have  another   suggestion;  growing
  naturally out of the autonomy of industrial guilds; by which they hope to
  limit the power of the State and help to preserve individual liberty。 They
  propose      that;  in   addition    to  Parliament;      elected    (as  at  present)     on   a
  territorial basis and representing the community as consumers; there shall
  also   be   a   ‘‘Guild   Congress;''   a   glorified   successor   of   the   present   Trade
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  Union      Congress;     which    shall   consist    of  representatives      chosen    by   the
  Guilds; and shall represent the community as producers。
  This method of diminishing the excessive power of the State has been
  attractively   set   forth   by   Mr。   G。   D。   H。   Cole   in   his   ‘‘Self…Government   in
  Industry。'''54' ‘‘Where now;'' he says; ‘‘the State passes a Factory Act; or a
  Coal   Mines   Regulation Act;   the   Guild   Congress   of   the   future   will   pass
  such Acts; and its power of enforcing them will be the same as that of the
  State'' (p。 98)。 His ultimate ground for advocating this system is that; in his
  opinion;   it   will   tend   to   preserve   individual   liberty:   ‘‘The      fundamental
  reason for the preservation; in a democratic Society; of both the industrial
  and the political forms of Social organization is; it seems to me; that only
  by dividing the vast power now wielded by industrial capitalism can the
  individual hope to be free'' (p。 91)。
  '54' Bell; 1917。
  Will the system suggested by Mr。 Cole have this result? I think it is
  clear   that   it   would;   in   this   respect;   be   an   improvement   on   the   existing
  system。      Representative       government       cannot     but   be   improved      by   any
  method       which    brings    the   representatives       into   closer   touch    with    the
  interests concerned in their legislation; and this advantage probably would
  be secured by handing over questions of production to the Guild Congress。
  But   if;   in   spite   of   the   safeguards   proposed   by   the   Guild   Socialists;   the
  Guild Congress became all…powerful in such questions; if resistance to its
  will by a Guild which felt ill…used became practically hopeless; I fear that
  the   evils   now   connected   with   the   omnipotence   of   the   State   would   soon
  reappear。     Trade    Union     officials;   as   soon   as   they   become      part  of   the
  governing        forces    in   the    country;    tend     to   become      autocratic     and
  conservative;   they   lose   touch   with   their   constituents   and   gravitate;   by   a
  psychological sympathy; into co…operation with the powers that be。 Their
  formal      installation    in   authority    through     the   Guilds     Congress      would
  accelerate this process。 They would soon tend to combine; in effect if not
  obviously;      with   those    who    wield    authority    in  Parliament。      Apart    from
  occasional      conflicts;    comparable      to   the  rivalry   of   opposing     financiers
  which now sometimes disturbs the harmony of the capitalist world; there
  would; at most times; be agreement between the dominant personalities in
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  the two Houses。 And such harmony would filch away from the individual
  the liberty which he had hoped to secure by the quarrels of his masters。
  There     is  no   method;     if  we    are  not   mistaken;     by   which    a   body
  representing the whole community; whether as producers or consumers or
  both; can alone be a sufficient guardian of individual liberty。 The only way
  of   preserving   sufficient   liberty   (and   even   this   will   be   inadequate   in   the
  case of very small minorities) is the organization of citizens with special
  interests   into   groups;   determined   to   preserve   autonomy   as   regards   their
  internal affairs; willing to resist interference by a strike if necessary; and
  sufficiently     powerful     (either   in  themselves      or  through    their   power    of
  appealing to public sympathy) to be able to resist the organized forces of
  government successfully when their cause is such as many men think just。
  If   this   method     is  to  be   successful     we   must    have    not   only   suitable
  organizations   but   also   a   diffused   respect   for   liberty;   and   an   absence   of
  submissiveness to government both in theory and practice。 Some risk of
  disorder     there   must    be  in   such   a  society;   but   this  risk  is  as  nothing
  compared   to   the   danger   of   stagnation   which   is   inseparable   from   an   all…
  powerful central authority。
  We may now sum up our discussion of the powers of Government。
  The     State;   in  spite   of   what    Anarchists     urge;   seems     a  necessary
  institution     for  certain    purposes。    Peace    and    war;   tariffs;  regulation    of
  sanitary conditions and of the sale of noxious drugs; the preservation of a
  just system of distribution: these; among others; are functions which could
  hardly     be   performed     in  a   community      in   which    there   was    no  central
  government。 Take; for example; the liquor traffic; or the opium traffic in
  China。   If   alcohol   could   be   obtained   at   cost   price   without   taxation;   still
  more if it could be obtained for nothing; as Anarchists presumably desire;
  can we believe that there would not be a great and disastrous increase of
  drunkenness? China was brought to the verge of ruin by opium; and every
  patriotic Chinaman desired to see the traffic in opium restricted。 In such
  matters   freedom   is   not   a   panacea;   and   some   degree   of   legal   restriction
  seems imperative for the national health。
  But granting that the State; in some form; must continue; we must also
  grant; I think; that its powers ought to be very strictly limited to what is
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  absolutely   necessary。   There   is   no   way   of   limiting   its   powers   except   by
  means of groups which are jealous of their privileges and