第 26 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  ‘‘The State。'' p。 4。
  '49'     Representative       government       has   accomplished        its  historical
  mission; it has given a mortal blow to Court…rule; and by its debates it has
  awakened        public   interest   in   public    questions。    But;    to  see   in  it  the
  government of the future Socialist society; is to commit a gross error。 Each
  economical       phase    of   life  implies    its  own    political    phase;    and   it  is
  impossible to touch the very basis of the present economical lifeprivate
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  property without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political
  organization。   Life   already   shows   in   which   direction   the   change   will   be
  made。 Not in   increasing the powers   of the  State; but in   resorting to  free
  organization       and   free   federation    in  all  those   branches     which     are  now
  considered        as    attributes      of    the    State。''    Kropotkin;       ‘‘Anarchist
  Communism;'' pp。 28…29。
  Attractive as this view is; I cannot resist the conclusion that it results
  from impatience and represents the attempt to find a short…cut toward the
  ideal which all humane people desire。
  Let    us   begin    with    the  question     of   private    crime。'50'     Anarchists
  maintain   that   the   criminal   is   manufactured   by  bad   social   conditions   and
  would   disappear   in   such   a   world   as   they   aim   at   creating。'51'   No   doubt
  there is a great measure of truth in this view。 There would be little motive
  to robbery; for example; in an Anarchist world; unless it were organized on
  a large scale by a body of men bent on upsetting the Anarchist regime。 It
  may   also   be   conceded   that   impulses   toward   criminal   violence   could   be
  very largely eliminated by a better education。 But all such contentions; it
  seems to me; have their limitations。 To take an extreme case; we cannot
  suppose that there would be no lunatics in an Anarchist community; and
  some   of   these   lunatics   would;   no   doubt;   be   homicidal。   Probably   no   one
  would   argue  that   they  ought   to   be   left   at   liberty。   But   there   are   no   sharp
  lines   in   nature;   from   the   homicidal   lunatic   to   the   sane   man   of   violent
  passions      there   is  a   continuous      gradation。     Even    in   the   most    perfect
  community there will be men and women; otherwise sane; who will feel
  an    impulse     to  commit     murder     from    jealousy。    These     are  now     usually
  restrained by the fear of punishment; but if this fear were removed; such
  murders   would   probably   become   much   more   common;   as   may   be   seen
  from the present behavior of certain soldiers on leave。 Moreover; certain
  kinds of conduct arouse public hostility; and would almost inevitably lead
  to lynching; if no other recognized method of punishment existed。 There is
  in most men a certain natural vindictiveness; not always directed against
  the   worst   members   of   the   community。   For   example;   Spinoza   was   very
  nearly     murdered       by   the   mob     because     he   was     suspected     of   undue
  friendliness to France at a time when Holland was at war with that country。
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  Apart     from    such    cases;    there   would     be   the   very    real  danger     of   an
  organized attempt to destroy Anarchism and revive ancient oppressions。 Is
  it to   be   supposed;   for   example;   that   Napoleon;   if   he   had   been   born   into
  such a community as Kropotkin advocates; would have acquiesced tamely
  in a world where his genius could find no scope? I cannot see what should
  prevent a combination of ambitious men forming themselves into a private
  army;     manufacturing        their   own     munitions;     and    at  last   enslaving     the
  defenseless   citizens;   who   had   relied   upon   the   inherent   attractiveness   of
  liberty。 It would not be consistent with the principles of Anarchism for the
  community to interfere with the drilling of a private army; no matter what
  its objects might be (though; of course; an opposing private army might be
  formed by men with different views)。 Indeed; Kropotkin instances the old
  volunteers   in   Great   Britain   as   an   example   of   a   movement   on Anarchist
  lines。'52' Even if a predatory army were not formed from within; it might
  easily come from a neighboring nation; or from races on the borderland of
  civilization。 So long as the love of power exists; I do not see how it can be
  prevented   from   finding   an   outlet   in   oppression   except   by   means   of   the
  organized force of the community。
  '50'   On   this   subject   there   is   an   excellent   discussion   in   the   before…
  mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet。
  '51'     ‘‘As   to   the   thirdthe    chiefobjection;       which    maintains      the
  necessity   of     a  government       for  punishing      those   who    break    the   law   of
  society;   there   is   so   much   to   say   about   it   that   it   hardly   can   be   touched
  incidentally。 The more we study the question; the more we are brought to
  the   conclusion   that   society   itself   is   responsible   for   the   anti…social   deeds
  perpetrated      in   its  midst;   and   that   no   punishment;      no   prisons;    and    no
  hangmen   can   diminish   the   numbers   of   such   deeds;   nothing   short   of   a
  reorganization   of   society   itself。   Three…quarters   of   all   the   acts   which   are
  brought every  year before our courts   have their origin; either directly  or
  indirectly;  in   the   present   disorganized state   of   society  with   regard   to   the
  production       and   distribution     of  wealthnot     in   the  perversity   of    human
  nature。 As to the relatively few anti…social deeds which result from anti…
  social inclinations of separate individuals; it is not by prisons; nor even by
  resorting   to   the   hangmen;   that   we   can   diminish   their   numbers。   By   our
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  prisons;     we    merely     multiply     them    and    render    them    worse。     By   our
  detectives; our ‘price of blood;' our executions; and our jails; we spread in
  society   such   a   terrible   flow   of   basest   passions   and   habits;   that   he   who
  should realize the effects of these institutions to their full extent; would be
  frightened      by   what    society   is  doing    under    the   pretext   of   maintaining
  morality。 We must search for other remedies; and the remedies have been
  indicated long since。'' Kropotkin; ‘‘Anarchist Communism;'' pp。 31…32。
  '52' ‘‘Anarchist Communism;'' p。 27。
  The   conclusion;      which     appears    to  be   forced   upon    us;   is  that  the
  Anarchist ideal of a community in which no acts are forbidden by law is
  not;   at   any   rate   for   the   present;   compatible   with   the   stability   of   such   a
  world   as   the Anarchists   desire。   In   order   to   obtain   and   preserve   a   world
  resembling   as   closely   as   possible   that   at   which   they  aim;   it   will   still   be
  necessary that some acts should be forbidden by law。 We may put the chief
  of these under three heads:
  1。 Theft。
  2。 Crimes of violence。
  3。   The   creation    of   organizations   intended   to   subvert       the   Anarchist
  regime by force。
  We     will  briefly   recapitulate     what    has   been   said   already    as   to  the
  necessity of these prohibitions。
  1。   Theft。It    is  true   that  in   an   Anarchist     world    there   will   be   no
  destitution; and therefore no thefts motivated by starvation。 But such thefts
  are at present by no means the most considerable or the most harmful。 The
  system  of   rationing;   which   is   to   be   applied   to  luxuries;   will   leave   many
  men with fewer luxuries than they might desire。 It will give opportunities
  for peculation by those who are in control of the public stores; and it will
  leave the possibility of appropriating such valuable objects of art as would
  naturally be preserved in public museums。 It may be contended that such
  forms of theft would be prevented by public opinion。 But public opinion is
  not greatly operative upon an individual unless it is the opinion of his own
  group。 A group of men combined for purposes of theft might readily defy
  the public opinion of the majority unless that public op