第 15 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
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  rewards   for   work。   From   this   point   of   view   its   vigor   and   its   distinctive
  character are derived。 It aims at substituting industrial for political action;
  and   at   using   Trade   Union   organization   for   purposes   for   which   orthodox
  Socialism   would   look   to   Parliament。   ‘‘Syndicalism''   was   originally   only
  the French name for Trade Unionism; but the Trade Unionists of France
  became divided into two sections; the Reformist and the Revolutionary; of
  whom the latter only professed the ideas which we now associate with the
  term   ‘‘Syndicalism。''   It   is   quite   impossible   to   guess   how   far   either   the
  organization or the ideas of the Syndicalists will remain intact at the end
  of the war; and everything that we shall say is to be taken as applying only
  to   the  years    before   the   war。   It  may   be   that  French    Syndicalism   as     a
  distinctive movement will be dead; but even in that case it will not have
  lost its importance; since it has given a new impulse and direction to the
  more vigorous part of the labor movement in all civilized countries; with
  the possible exception of Germany。
  The     organization      upon    which     Syndicalism       de…   pended     was    the
  Confederation   Generale   du   Travail;   commonly   known   as   the   C。   G。   T。;
  which was founded in 1895; but only achieved its final form in 1902。 It
  has never   been   numerically  very  powerful;   but   has   derived   its   influence
  from the fact that in moments of crisis many who were not members were
  willing to follow its guidance。 Its membership in the year before the war is
  estimated by Mr。 Cole at somewhat more than half a million。 Trade Unions
  (Syndicats) were legalized by Waldeck…Rousseau in 1884; and the C。 G。 T。;
  on    its  inauguration      in  1895;    was    formed     by   the  Federation      of   700
  Syndicats。      Alongside      of   this  organization      there   existed    another;    the
  Federation des Bourses du Travail; formed in 1893。 A Bourse du Travail is
  a   local   organization;   not   of   any  one   trade;   but   of   local   labor   in   general;
  intended to serve as a Labor Exchange and to perform such functions for
  labor     as  Chambers       of   Commerce       perform     for   the   employer。'24'       A
  Syndicat is in general a local organization of a single industry; and is thus
  a smaller unit than the Bourse du Travail。'25' Under the able leadership of
  Pelloutier; the  Federation des   Bourses prospered   more than   the C。  G。 T。;
  and at last; in 1902; coalesced with it。 The result was an organization in
  which the local Syndicat was fed… erated twice over; once with the other
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  Syndicat in its locality; forming together the local Bourse du Travail; and
  again with the Syndicats in the same industry in other places。 ‘‘It was the
  purpose of the new organization to secure twice over the membership of
  every  syndicat;  to   get it to   join   both   its local Bourse  du Travail   and the
  Federation of its industry。 The Statutes of the C。 G。 T。 (I。 3) put this point
  plainly: ‘No Syndicat will be able to form a part of the C。 G。 T。 if it is not
  federated nationally and an adherent of a Bourse du Travail or a local or
  departmental Union of Syndicats grouping different associations。' Thus; M。
  Lagardelle   explains;   the   two   sections   will   correct   each   other's   point   of
  view:      national     federation      of   industries     will    prevent     parochialism
  (localisme);   and   local      organization   will   check      the   corporate   or   ‘Trade
  Union' spirit。 The workers will learn at once the solidarity of all workers in
  a locality and that of all workers in a trade; and; in learning this; they will
  learn   at   the   same   time   the   complete   solidarity   of   the   whole   working…
  class。'''26'
  '24' Cole; ib。; p。 65。
  '25'   ‘‘Syndicat   in   France   still   means   a   local   unionthere   are   at   the
  present day only four national syndicats'' (ib。; p。 66)。
  '26' Cole; ib。 p。 69。
  This    organization      was    largely   the   work    of   Pellouties;    who     was
  Secretary of the Federation des Bourses from 1894 until his death in 1901。
  He     was   an   Anarchist      Communist       and    impressed     his   ideas   upon     the
  Federation and thence posthumously on the C。 G。 T。 after its combination
  with   the  Federation   des   Bourses。  He  even   carried   his   principles   into   the
  government of the Federation; the Committee had no chairman and votes
  very rarely took place。 He stated that ‘‘the task of the revolution is to free
  mankind; not only from all authority; but also from every institution which
  has not for its essential purpose the development of production。''
  The C。 G。 T。 allows much autonomy to each unit in the organization。
  Each Syndicat counts for one; whether it be large or small。 There are not
  the   friendly  society  activities   which   form  so   large   a   part   of   the   work   of
  English Unions。 It gives no orders; but is purely advisory。 It does not allow
  politics   to   be   introduced   into   the   Unions。   This   decision   was   originally
  based     upon    the  fact   that  the   divisions    among     Socialists    disrupted     the
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  Unions; but it is now reinforced in the minds of an important section by
  the   general   Anarchist   dislike   of   politics。   The   C。   G。   T。   is   essentially   a
  fighting     organization;     in   strikes;  it  is  the  nucleus     to  which    the   other
  workers rally。
  There is a Reformist section in the C。 G。 T。; but it is practically always
  in a minority; and the C。 G。 T。 is; to all intents and purposes; the organ of
  revolutionary Syndicalism; which is simply the creed of its leaders。
  The     essential    doctrine     of   Syndicalism      is   the   class…   war;    to   be
  conducted       by    industrial    rather    than   politi…   cal   methods。      The    chief
  industrial   methods   advocated   are   the   strike;   the   boycott;   the   label   and
  sabotage。
  The boycott; in various forms; and the label; showing that the work has
  been done under trade… union conditions; have played a considerable part
  in American labor struggles。
  Sabotage is the practice of doing bad work; or spoiling machinery or
  work which has already been done; as a method of dealing with employers
  in   a   dispute    when     a  strike   appears     for  some     reason    undesirable      or
  impossible。 It has many forms; some clearly innocent; some open to grave
  objections。      One    form    of   sabotage     which    has    been   adopted     by   shop
  assistants is to tell customers the truth about the articles they are buying;
  this form; however it may damage the shopkeeper's business; is not easy to
  object to on moral grounds。 A form which has been adopted on railways;
  particularly   in   Italian   strikes;   is   that   of   obeying   all   rules   literally   and
  exactly;     in  such    a  way    as  to   make    the   running     of  trains   practically
  impossible。 Another form is to do all the work with minute care; so that in
  the end it is better done; but the output is small。 From these innocent forms
  there is a continual progression; until we come to such acts as all ordinary
  morality would consider criminal; for example; causing railway accidents。
  Advocates   of   sabotage   justify   it   as   part   of   war;   but   in   its   more   violent
  forms (in which it is seldom defended) it is cruel and probably inexpedient;
  while even in its milder forms it must tend to encourage slovenly habits of
  work;      which     might     easily   persist    under    the    new    regime     that    the
  Syndicalists wish to introduce。 At the same time; when capitalists express
  a   moral   horror   of   this   method;   it   is   worth   while   to   observe   that   they
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  themselves   are   the   first   to   practice   it   when   the   occasion   seems   to   them
  appropriate。 If report speaks truly; an example of this on a very large scale
  has been seen during the Russian Revolution。
  By   far   the   most   important   of   the   Syndicalist   methods   is   the   strike。
  Ordinary   strikes;      for   specific   objects;    ar