第 14 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9273
  any support。
  In England Marx has never had many followers。 Socialism there has
  been   inspired   in   the  main   by  the  Fabians   (founded   in   1883);  who   threw
  over   the   advocacy  of   revolution;   the   Marxian   doctrine   of value;   and   the
  class…war。      What    remained      was    State   Socialism      and   a   doctrine    of
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  ‘‘permeation。''   Civil   servants   were   to   be   permeated   with   the   realization
  that Socialism would enormously increase their power。 Trade Unions were
  to   be   permeated   with   the   belief   that   the   day  for   purely   industrial   action
  was   past;   and   that   they   must   look   to   government   (inspired   secretly   by
  sympathetic   civil   servants)   to   bring   about;   bit   by   bit;   such   parts   of   the
  Socialist program  as   were  not likely  to   rouse  much   hostility  in   the   rich。
  The Independent Labor Party (formed in 1893) was largely inspired at first
  by   the   ideas   of   the   Fabians;   though   retaining   to   the   present   day;       and
  especially      since   the   outbreak     of   the   war;   much     more    of   the   original
  Socialist      ardor。   It  aimed     always      at  co…operation       with    the   industrial
  organizations of wage…earners; and; chiefly through its efforts; the Labor
  Party'20' was formed in 1900 out of a combination of the Trade Unions
  and   the   political   Socialists。   To   this   party;   since   1909;   all   the   important
  Unions have belonged; but in spite of the fact that its strength is derived
  from Trade Unions; it has stood always for political rather than industrial
  action。 Its Socialism has been of a theoretical and academic order; and in
  practice; until the outbreak of war; the Labor members in Parliament (of
  whom   30   were   elected   in   1906   and   42   in   December;   1910)   might   be
  reckoned almost as a part of the Liberal Party。
  '20' Of which the Independent Labor Party is only a section。
  France;   unlike   England   and   Germany;   was   not   content   merely   to
  repeat     the  old   shibboleths      with   continually   diminishing         conviction。     In
  France'21'        a   new     movement;         originally     known       as   Revolutionary
  Syndicalismand afterward simply as Syndicalism kept alive the vigor
  of    the  original    impulse;     and    remained      true  to   the  spirit   of  the   older
  Socialists; while departing from the letter。 Syndicalism; unlike Socialism
  and Anarchism;   began   from   an   existing   organization   and   developed   the
  ideas appropriate to it; whereas Socialism and Anarchism began with the
  ideas   and   only   afterward   developed   the   organizations   which   were   their
  vehicle。   In   order   to   understand   Syndicalism;   we   have   first   to   describe
  Trade   Union   organization   in   France;   and   its   political   environment。   The
  ideas     of  Syndicalism       will   then   appear    as   the   natural   outcome      of   the
  political    and    economic      situation。    Hardly     any   of   these   ideas    are  new;
  almost       all   are    derived      from     the    Bakunist       section     of    the    old
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  International。'21' The old International had considerable success in France
  before the Franco… Prussian War; indeed; in 1869; it is estimated to have
  had a French membership of a quarter of a million。 What is practically the
  Syndicalist program was advocated by a French delegate to the Congress
  of the International at Bale in that same year。'22'
  '20' And also in Italy。 A good; short account of the Italian movement
  is given by A。 Lanzillo; ‘‘Le Mouvement Ouvrier en Italie;'' Bibliotheque
  du    Mouvement         Proletarien。     See   also   Paul    Louis;    ‘‘Le    Syndicalisme
  Europeen;'' chap。 vi。 On the other hand Cole (‘‘World of Labour;'' chap。 vi)
  considers the strength of genuine Syndicalism in Italy to be small。
  '21' This is often recognized by Syndicalists themselves。 See; e。g。; an
  article   on   ‘‘The   Old   International''   in   the   Syndicalist   of   February;   1913;
  which; after giving an account of the struggle between Marx and Bakunin
  from   the   standpoint   of   a   sympathizer   with   the   latter;   says:   ‘‘Bakounin's
  ideas are now more alive than ever。''
  '22' See pp。 42…43; and 160 of ‘‘Syndicalism in France;'' Louis Levine;
  Ph。D。 (Columbia University Studies in Political Science; vol。 xlvi; No。 3。)
  This is a very objective and reliable account of the origin and progress of
  French   Syndicalism。   An   admirable   short   discussion   of   its   ideas   and   its
  present   position   will   be   found   in   Cole's   ‘‘World   of   Labour''   (G。   Bell   &
  Sons); especially chapters iii; iv; and xi。
  The   war    of   1870    put  an   end   for   the  time   being    to  the   Socialist
  Movement   in   France。   Its   revival   was   begun   by   Jules   Guesde   in   1877。
  Unlike   the   Ger…   man   Socialists;   the   French   have   been   split   into   many
  different     factions。   In   the  early   eighties    there   was   a  split   between     the
  Parliamentary Socialists and the Communist Anarchists。 The latter thought
  that the first act of the Social Revolution should be the destruction of the
  State; and would therefore have nothing to do with Parliamentary politics。
  The Anarchists;   from   1883   onward;   had   success   in   Paris   and   the   South。
  The   Socialists   contended   that   the   State   will   disappear   after   the   Socialist
  society  has   been   firmly  established。   In 1882  the  Socialists   split   between
  the followers of Guesde; who claimed to represent the revolutionary and
  scientific Socialism of Marx; and the followers of Paul Brousse; who were
  more opportunist and were also called possibilists and cared little for the
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  theories of Marx。 In 1890 there was a secession from the Broussists; who
  followed Allemane and absorbed the more revolutionary elements of the
  party   and    became     leading    spirits  in   some   of   the  strongest    syndicates。
  Another group was the Independent Socialists; among whom were Jaures;
  Millerand and Viviani。'23'
  '23' See Levine; op。 cit。; chap。 ii。
  The    disputes    between      the  various     sections    of  Socialists    caused
  difficulties in the Trade Unions and helped to bring about the resolution to
  keep   politics   out   of   the   Unions。   From   this   to   Syndicalism   was   an   easy
  step。
  Since     the  year   1905;    as   the  result   of  a  union    between      the  Parti
  Socialiste de France (Part; Ouvrier Socialiste Revolutionnaire Francais led
  by Guesde) and the Parti Socialiste Francais (Jaures); there have been only
  two groups of Socialists; the United Socialist Party and the Independents;
  who are intellectuals or not   willing to be   tied to   a  party。 At   the  General
  Election of 1914 the former secured 102 members and the latter 30; out of
  a total of 590。
  Tendencies toward a rapprochement between the various groups were
  seriously interfered with by an event which had considerable importance
  for the whole development of advanced political ideas in France; namely;
  the    acceptance     of   office   in  the   Waldeck…      Rousseau     Ministry     by   the
  Socialist Millerand in 1899。 Millerand; as was to be expected; soon ceased
  to   be   a   Socialist;   and   the   opponents   of   political   action   pointed   to   his
  development        as  showing      the  vanity    of  political   triumphs。    Very    many
  French   politicians   who   have   risen   to   power   have   begun   their   political
  career as Socialists; and have ended it not infrequently by employing the
  army   to   oppress   strikers。   Millerand's   action   was   the   most   notable   and
  dramatic   among   a   number   of   others   of   a   similar   kind。  Their   cumulative
  effect has been to produce a certain cynicism in regard to politics among
  the more class…conscious of French wage…earners; and this state of mind
  greatly assisted the spread of Syndicalism。
  Syndicalism stands essentially for the point of view of the producer as
  opposed   to   that   of   the   consumer;   it   is   concerned   with   reforming   actual
  work; and the organization of industry; not MERELY with securing greater