第 11 节
作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  to   be   a   Russian   Government   agent   and   one   of   those   responsible   for   the
  recent   arrest   of   Poles。   Bakunin;   of   course;   repudiated   the   charge;   and
  George      Sand    wrote    to  the   ‘‘Neue    Rheinische      Zeitung;''   denying     this
  statement in   toto。 The   denials were published by  Marx; and   there   was   a
  nominal reconciliation; but from this time onward there was never any real
  abatement of the hostility between these rival leaders; who did not meet
  again until 1864。
  Meanwhile; the reaction had been everywhere gaining ground。 In May;
  1849; an insurrection in Dresden for a moment made the revolutionaries
  masters     of   the   town。    They    held   it  for  five   days    and   established     a
  revolutionary   government。   Bakunin   was   the   soul   of   the   defense   which
  they made against the Prussian troops。 But they were overpowered; and at
  last   Bakunin     was    captured    while    trying   to  escape    with   Heubner      and
  Richard      Wagner;     the   last  of   whom;     fortunately     for  music;    was    not
  captured。
  Now     began     a  long   period    of  imprisonment       in  many     prisons    and
  various countries。 Bakunin was sentenced to death on the 14th of January;
  1850;   but    his   sentence    was   commuted       after   five  months;   and    he   was
  delivered over to Austria; which claimed the privilege of punishing him。
  The Austrians; in their turn; condemned him to death in May; 1851; and
  again his sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life。 In the Austrian
  prisons he had fetters on hands and feet; and in one of them he was even
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  chained to the wall by the belt。 There seems to have been some peculiar
  pleasure to be derived from the punishment of Bakunin; for the   Russian
  Government in its turn demanded him of the Austrians; who delivered him
  up。 In Russia he was confined; first in the Peter and Paul fortress and then
  in the Schluesselburg。 There be suffered from scurvy and all his teeth fell
  out。    His   health    gave    way    completely;     and    he  found     almost    all  food
  impossible   to   assimilate。   ‘‘But;   if   his   body   became   enfeebled;   his   spirit
  remained inflexible。 He feared one thing above all。 It was to find himself
  some   day   led;   by   the   debilitating   action   of   prison;   to   the   condition   of
  degradation of which Silvio Pellico offers a well…known type。 He feared
  that   he   might   cease   to   hate;   that   he   might   feel   the   sentiment   of   revolt
  which upheld him becoming extinguished in his hearts that he might come
  to pardon his persecutors and resign himself to his fate。 But this fear was
  superfluous; his energy did not abandon him a single day; and he emerged
  from his cell the same man as when he entered。'''14'
  '14' Ibid。 p。 xxvi。
  After   the   death   of   the   Tsar   Nicholas   many   political   prisoners   were
  amnested;   but   Alexander   II   with   his   own   hand   erased   Bakunin's   name
  from the list。 When Bakunin's mother succeeded in obtaining an interview
  with the new Tsar; he said to her; ‘‘Know; Madame; that so long as your
  son   lives;   he   can   never   be   free。''   However;   in   1857;   after   eight   years   of
  captivity; he was sent to the comparative freedom of Siberia。 From there;
  in 1861; he succeeded in escaping to Japan; and thence through America to
  London。   He   had   been   imprisoned   for   his   hostility   to   governments;   but;
  strange   to   say;   his   sufferings   had   not   had   the   intended   effect   of   making
  him   love   those   who   inflicted   them。   From   this   time   onward;   he   devoted
  himself     to  spreading      the  spirit  of   Anarchist     revolt;   without;    however;
  having   to   suffer   any   further   term   of   imprisonment。   For   some   years   he
  lived in Italy; where he founded in 1864 an ‘‘International Fraternity'' or
  ‘‘Alliance      of  Socialist    Revolutionaries。''      This   contained     men     of  many
  countries;      but   apparently      no   Germans。       It  devoted      itself  largely    to
  combating Mazzini's nationalism。 In 1867 he moved to Switzerland; where
  in the following year he helped to found the ‘‘International Alliance of So…
  cialist Democracy;'' of which he drew up the program。 This program gives
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  a good succinct resume of his opinions:
  The Alliance declares itself atheist; it desires the definitive and entire
  abolition   of   classes   and   the   political   equality   and   social   equalization   of
  individuals of both sexes。 It desires that the earth; the instrument of labor;
  like   all   other   capital;   becoming   the   collective   property   of   society   as   a
  whole; shall be no longer able to be utilized except by the workers; that is
  to   say;   by   agricultural   and   industrial   associations。   It   recognizes   that   all
  actually   existing   political   and   authoritarian   States;   reducing   themselves
  more and more to the mere administrative functions of the public services
  in their respective countries; must disappear in the universal union of free
  associations; both agricultural and industrial。
  The International Alliance of Socialist Democracy desired to become
  a branch of the International Working Men's Association; but was refused
  admission       on   the  ground     that  branches     must    be   local;   and   could    not
  themselves be international。 The Geneva group of the Alliance; however;
  was admitted later; in July; 1869。
  The   International   Working   Men's   Association   had   been   founded   in
  London   in   1864;   and   its   statutes   and   program   were   drawn   up   by   Marx。
  Bakunin at first did not expect it to prove a success and refused to join it。
  But it spread with remarkable rapidity in many countries and soon became
  a great power for the propagation of Socialist ideas。 Originally it was by
  no means wholly Socialist; but in successive Congresses Marx won it over
  more     and    more    to   his  views。     At   its  third   Congress;     in   Brussels    in
  September;       1868;    it  became     definitely    Socialist。    Meanwhile       Bakunin;
  regretting his earlier abstention; had decided to join it; and he brought with
  him   a   considerable   following   in   French…Switzerland;   France;   Spain   and
  Italy。   At   the   fourth   Congress;     held   at  Basle    in  September;      1869;    two
  currents were strongly marked。 The Germans and English followed Marx
  in his belief in the State as it was to become after the abolition of private
  property; they followed him also in his desire to found Labor Parties in the
  various     countries;    and    to  utilize   the  machinery      of   democracy      for   the
  election o* representatives of Labor to Parliaments。 On the other hand; the
  Latin   nations   in   the   main   followed   Bakunin   in   opposing   the   State   and
  disbelieving in the machinery of representative government。 The conflict
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  between these two groups grew more and more bitter; and each accused
  the other of various offenses。 The statement that Bakunin was a spy was
  repeated;      but   was    withdrawn      after   investigation。     Marx     wrote    in   a
  confidential   communication   to   his   German   friends   that   Bakunin   was   an
  agent of the Pan…Slavist party and received from them 25;000 francs a year。
  Meanwhile; Bakunin became for a time interested in the attempt to stir up
  an agrarian revolt in Russia; and this led him to neglect the contest in the
  International      at  a   crucial    moment。      During     the  Franco…Prussian        war
  Bakunin passionately took the side of France; especially after the fall of
  Napoleon       III。  He    endeavored      to   rouse    the   people    to   revolutionary
  resistance like that of 1793; and became involved in an abortive attempt at
  revolt   in   Lyons。   The   French   Government   accused   him   of   being   a   paid
  agent of Prussia; and it was with difficulty that he escaped to Switzerland。
  The dispute with Marx and his followers had become exacerbated by the
  national   dispute。   Bakunin;   like   Kropotkin   after   him;   regarded   the   new
  power of Germany as the greatest menace to liberty in the world。 He hated
  the Germans with a bitter hatred; partly; no doubt; on account of Bismarck;
  but proba